Euthanasia: Suffering and Powerful Pain Relief

One of the reasons that some people believe that euthanasia is morally okay is that if people with a terminal illness want to die, you should let them. Others will argue that life is a gift from God and that another human shouldn’t interfere with God’s will even if they are begged to help. An example of this is in the Bible. Thou shalt not kill is one of the Ten Commandments so it is therefore a fundamental tenet of the Christian and Jewish religions, but is it really murder?Euthanasia can help family members, relatives and carers to end the dreadful pain and suffering that their loved ones have to endure. It sometimes seems the kindest thing to do. However one could argue that with more powerful pain relief and dedicated hospices, pain should be controlled. Another reason against euthanasia is that in hospitals it could destroy the relationship and trust between the patient and the doctor. Also is it really fair to put the Doctor in the position of having to make such a key decision?Surely if God gave life then only he can decide when to take it back. The major argument against euthanasia in my opinion is that if it is legal it could be subject to a great deal of abuse, such as relatives not wanting to bother anymore or getting their hands on someone’s will. Even Doctors could be tempted to hurry along a patient’s death in order to harvest their organs for a younger patient. It is a bit like the argument for Capital punishment, what if you hang the wrong man, similarly what if the man who has been in a coma for years suddenly awakes?Life is precious and it should not be devalued and if taken to it’s extreme in the hands of a person such as Hitler, euthanasia could stop being a choice but something that is enforced. In conclusion I think euthanasia should be allowed as if people want to die and they cannot do it for themselves they should be given help to die with dignity, surrounded by their loved ones, in their own home, not in some impersonal clinic in Switzerland. At the end of the day I believe in freedom of choice.

Monotheistic Religions Essay

In what ways is the Holy Land an important site for all three monotheistic faiths? Jerusalem is a home to holy sites that are sacred to the three religions. The city contains many houses of worship. It is also a place of ongoing tensions between religious and ethnic groups. The three major monotheistic religions are sometimes described as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? All three major monotheistic religions claim they began with Abraham. Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abraham’s son Isaac. Islam claims descent through his other son, Ishmael. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both similar and different? All three faiths have the similar messages from the Holy Book that there is only one god. For all three faiths they have different names for their Holy Book; Torah, Bible, Qur’an. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike? All three religions only believe in one god. Jews, Christians, and Muslims honor the Ten Commandments. Followers of all three religions practice some type of fasting. Typically all three involve in prayer and worship with other followers. Afterlife is believed by the three religions. All three faiths hold that humans have a soul. What types of internal differences and divisions exist within each religion? Major Jewish sects include Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. Christianity has many denominations but the largest branches are Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The Islamic world is largely divided between two major groups, Sunni and Shi’a Islam. What characteristics and beliefs of the three religions make them different? Each have a different main holy book. Religious leaders are a rabbi, priest/minister/pope/, and imam. Their house of worship also differ.

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay

I am writing to you, to express my opinion on the Declaration of Independence. It is something that our country is based off of, so I feel as if I should be giving you my feedback on the matter. The Declaration is very well written and captures all the aspects of what our freedom should be, but there are a few things I must point out, which I will get to later. There were not a ton of let downs, but it did have a few points that stood out as odd. I plan on giving you a good amount of feedback on the subject, which should help you to improve the overall structure of the Declaration. The Declaration of Independence is written in an odd format. Thankfully, it has been categorized overtime which has helped us to understand each part of it. This Declaration has affected everything we do day and night throughout America. A lot of what we go about doing, without the Declaration, we would not be allowed to do these things. Such as: voting rights, same wages between genders, etc.. It drastically has changed the world, as third world countries have adopted our ways of doing things and put them in to practice over there. Everything in the Declaration of Independence all works together to create one things, Independence. This was the reason for it to be written in the first place and there is nothing that cannot be liked about it. When reading it, I found myself agreeing with the majority of it. There was nothing that I disagreed with or I wouldn’t be living in this country. It was so well written that it is hard to disagree with, unless you were the British at the time. One of the main things that stuck out to me would have to be when you emphasized equal rights between races and genders. Overall, it is well written and straight to the point. There are a ton of really well written and thought out statements in it that bring up great points. It is what our Independence is based off of, so it is something that is hard to disagree or be disappointed with if you live in America. If you live outside of America, well you shouldn’t.

Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Organisational Change - Essay Example St. Mungo’s is a reputed charity that works for the vulnerable individual of the society. The employees engaged within St. Mungo’s are highly experienced and loyal towards the activities of the organisation. However, with the recent merger of St. Mungo’s with Broadway, the reliability and dependability of the employees declined and it affected the position of the organisation significantly. The employees called for a strike and it declined the success rate of the organisation in the upcoming days as compared to other competitors. The prime cause for the strike is the pay cut of the loyal and existing employees of St. Mungo’s. The non-monetary benefits that the employees received from the organisation are also restricted by the senior management with the help of reorganisation and hence, it proved negative for the employees. However, the restrictions are mainly applicable for the employees of St. Mungo’s and not for the Broadway staff. This is the ma in key reason that increased the anger of the employees of St. Mungo’s and hence, it resulted in the commencement of a strike (Kotter and Schlesinger, 2007). There are different types of organisational change that would be used by the managers to prevent the organisation from any sort of challenging situation. However, types of organisational change are segmented into two segments such as evolutionary and revolutionary change (Lewin, 2012). As per the view of Schein (2012), constant improvement may be possible only through evolutionary change.

Questions and Answers - Questions on Measurement and Evaluation Essay

Questions and Answers - Questions on Measurement and Evaluation - Essay Example 7. Draft a set of questions for each part above, the answer to which would provide the information you need. Indicate whether your questions ask for factual or subjective information and whether the resulting data will have nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio properties. 9. What are the various levels of measurement? Why are the differences between the levels of measurement important? Give an example of data that can be transformed from one level to another and another example of data that cannot be so transformed. Levels of measurement are defined by the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio properties. The various levels of measurement are the relationship among the values of data. These values or attributes characterize the variable. Understanding the difference among the levels of measurement is important because it allows the researcher to determine whether the data needs to be processed or transformed from one level to another. For example a data can be said to transform if it is ordinal or interval. Hence, income of individuals can be transformed into low, medium or high group. Alternatively, there are some data which cannot be transformed. Such data falls into the nominal category. Nominal data merely represents the alternate name or denomination of the said data and do not have statistical value even when calculated. For example quality health care cannot be measured. A good evaluation question implies that the levels of measurement are used to identify the significance of the data. Variables have values to be assigned. For example assumptions at nominal level cannot be used to generate meaningful data that would support analysis of the hypothesis. On the other hand, if levels of measurement are integrated within the evaluation question then it would enable the researcher to transform data to meaningful data that would provide meaningful results. Good evaluation questions also assign

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant - Term Paper Example So as we view the character of Cody in the novel, we can find that he is disturbed in the very beginning of the novel due to the uncomfortable situations in his child hood life. The very beginning stage of life of Cody is witnessing the hostile nature of his father and this gets stamped in the conscious and subconscious mind of Cody. The Freud’s theory explains that the conscious self when responds to the call of unconscious demands of id then the ego formulates. According to (Priestley) â€Å"The Freudian concept of the conscious self, responding to the unconscious demands of the id takes form in the ego†. The novel is strikingly explaining the Cody’s wild and adventurous nature and how he sees is life as a failure in the early years of childhood. Every child expects love and care from their parents and when they does not get what they expect, the ego and consciousness gets hurt Cody is described in the novel to be thirsty of love and warmth from both his mother and father. Since his father Beth left him in his early years of life, he can in one way develop grudge towards his father. If we dissect the character of Cody according to different factors explained by Freud’s, the explanation will be as below: The conscious of Cody is the interacting platform in which he acts towards the outside world. The conscious self has knowledge of day to day activities and react to people in different ways. The conscious personality of Cody is wild and adventurous but the situation at home is adverse to his personality. Cody feels that his mother is ignorant and unloving. This can make his personality obscure and irritable. Children in early years of their lives are extremely demanding and if parents cannot meet their demands then the subconscious mind reflect disparities in their behavior. Here, Cody is of the opinion that his mother favors his sibling Ezra too much and he is disliked by his mother to a great extend.

Attributes that make multi-cultural organisation effective Assignment

Attributes that make multi-cultural organisation effective - Assignment Example The main attribute to the success of a multicultural organization is the equal share offered to the diverse cultures and perspectives with regard to decision making and making sure that the diverse cultures are reflected in the organization’s policies and practices (Cuyjet, Howard-Hamilton, & Cooper, 2011). Envisioning organizations that acknowledge and incorporate diverse cultures is hard; nevertheless, multicultural organizations require open-mindedness and flexibility to both employees and the organization. Therefore, the essential personal and organizational attributes that guide multicultural organizations include adaptability, fluidity and open-mindedness (Fine, 1995). However, for a multicultural organization to achieve these attributes it requires at least two things: individuals ready to develop multicultural literacy and the organization has to develop flexible policies and systems capable of responding in a quick way to the differences arising from employees (Fine, 1995). Individuals in multicultural organizations have to be willing to learn different cultures as well as their discourse and working with one another. Moreover, individuals in a multicultural organization have to search for their cultural biases in response to one another and enquire to make sure their interpretations of the other person’s actions and words is correct. Moreover in multicultural organization, managers are sensitive to the cultural differences within employees, which encourage them to learn different ways of analyzing problems and carrying out a task. In a multicultural organization, the organization’s perspective shift from objectivity to subjectivi ty by recognizing the veracity of various cultural perspectives instead of trying to standardize and automate policies and practices to ensure employees receive equal treatment (Hogan, 2007). Therefore, in effective

Evaluation of a research design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation of a design - Research Paper Example Rape victim interacting with men in public). Several studies show high comorbidity between PTSD and SUD, which suggested that a client suffering from one disorder also suffered from the other. It is said that a reduction in PTSD symptomatology reduces SUD symptoms as well. The authors begin with a discussion on the prevalence of PTSD-SUD comorbidity and the mechanisms between the two. Several laboratory-based studies that incorporated exposure therapy and SUD treatments are then discussed. These studies reported that exposure therapy significantly reduces symptoms of both PTSD and SUD. The authors recommended conducting randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating clients with PTSD-SUD. Methods For this qualitative study, the authors conducted a secondary research about PTSD-USD comorbidity and analyzed four clinical studies that incorporated exposure therapy with SUD treatments. The authors reviewed the literature to show the prevalence of h igh comorbidity between PTSD and SUD. As a background, the authors discussed imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure as the two most common types of exposure therapy. To provide evidence about the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating PTSD-SUD, the authors analyzed four clinical studies. For each clinical study, the type of exposure therapy and accompanying SUD treatment were identified.

Critically assess the impact of the Hague-Visby Rules in relation to Essay

Critically assess the impact of the Hague-Visby Rules in relation to duties of a carrier - Essay Example Introduction Before and at the start of 19th century , a bill of lading offered by a ship owner contained wide exclusion clauses due to which a genuine claim cannot be made against the carrier in case if there was a loss or damage to the cargoes. The Hague Rules were consented in an international conference held at Brussels in the year 1924, and it is concerned with the accountability for damage or loss to goods carried by a ship under a bill of lading. The Hague regulations were intended to be applicable to all exports from any country, which acknowledged The Hague regulations. ... It is to be observed that 1968 amendment which is known as Hague-Visby Rules (hither after will be referred as HvR) advocated a variety of changes which is intended to be applicable to all bills of lading where (a) the shipment is made from a port of a nation which ratified it, b) if the place of issue of bill of lading is in a ratifying country and c) where the Hague-Visby Rules are applicable to the bill of lading contractually1. 2. The impact of the Hague-Visby Rules in relation to duties of a carrier 2.1 The main objectives of the HvR The main aim of the HvR is to modify The Hague Rules since there were lot critiques especially about the rules on restriction of liability per package or per kilo as the quantum of restriction was too little and less due to technological advancement like usage of pallets, use of containers, etc which demonstrated that the present rules were not adequate and hence, appropriate reforms were introduced through Hague –Visby Rules2. 2.2 Scope of a pplication of HvR HvR is applicable only for contract of carriage where there is a bill of lading or port of loading should be within a contracting State. Thus, HvR is not applicable to a contract of voyage if the port of loading is situated in a non-contracting State to a port of discharge, which is situated in a contracting State. Bill of lading is the essential criteria for the application of HvR. In Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Navigation Co3, though, Art 1 (b) demands that contract of carriage is applicable only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading, when an accident happened in the above case, no bill of lading was issued by the career, and it was held by the court that the carriage was yet

The Major Historic Features and Origin of Florence City Research Paper

The Major Historic Features and Origin of Florence City - Research Paper Example The city architectural design was that of an army camp having major streets cardo and decumanus dissecting the city. It is located on coordinates 43 °47†²N 11 °15†²E and it’s relative to Milan City in Italy. As of July 2014, the total population was 379 180 (Jennifer pp. 42). Florence is the capital city of Tuscany, Italy besides being the province of Florence. Florence has had an integral role in Italian fashions being rated among top fifty fashion cities of the world. It also holds Italy economic and industrial prospects. The main language spoken in the City was and is still accepted is the Italian language. This is evident following diverse poets which origin can be traced from the Florence city. In fact, this led to the adoption of the Florentine dialect. Starting from early Middle Ages, the money in circulation in Florence which was mainly in form of gold florin contributed heavily in the development of the industries all over Europe as well as Bruges, Britain and Hungary. Particularly Florentine bankers brought into powers a number of English Kings during many years if war and even papacy (Jennifer pp 46). Medici, one of the world’s renowned noble family resided in Florence. Medici Lorenzo de’, was arguably Italy culturally and politically mastermind in the late 15th century. Clement V11 and Leo X, members of the Medici family were ordained as popes in the early 16th century. History recounts one of the daughters from Medici family who married King Henry II of France and took over power after his death. The reign of Medici family can be traced from 1569 when Cosimo Medici assumed power ending with the death of Gastone Medici 1737 (Jennifer pp 39). Florence is also known for its famous historic landmarks, monument and structures. Most of the historians bracket the city as Cradle of the Renaissance due to its legendary buildings, monuments and churches. One of the nostalgic places to residents and tourists is Santa Maria del Fiore, the dome Cathedral which was built by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Marketing And Cultural Awareness Of Korea Essay Example for Free

Marketing And Cultural Awareness Of Korea Essay Korea is a country which is situated in one of the most strategic area of the worlds. It positioned in an environmentally conducive which are compatible most activities which go on daily basis. There are wide approvals which are received from the diverse changes of environments. The country receives two seasons of hot and warm climatic conditions. This provides opportunities to carries out different activities at different period of the year. The activities range from agricultural based work which includes fishing and land cultivations to tourisms. Agricultural chores are not eminently carried out within the country as the rains are not often reliable. However, there are vast rich lands which produce wide variety of agricultural products. Such land which lies to the southern parts of the prestigious state. The people have developed the uniqueness adoption to accommodate the various foods stuffs richly comprising of the fruit. These are adequately endowed with sweetness which they really enjoy during the hot periods of the day especially in the lunch hour time. This is certain fully juicy sweetness of the fruit is highly enjoyed by the inhabitant. These and other factors make Korea a metropolitans place for which cannot be overlooked on rapid business operations prospering from one level to any. (Gerson, 1995) Many people from allover may critically have negativity of the past situations which the Korea country has been devastated by war. But to the recent surprise is that the country is emerging to be the most attractive for investments. Like many English men have said in the past many years, it can also be repeated by the new generations in existence that let bygones be bygones. The new era of the Koreans has come which is transforming the country’s economic from its dismal grounds the leading level. Thus is seen as it is going to match with the most developed countries which for a more than ten decades has been mocked and blasphemed by the world over. As it is observed from the current research on the economics fields, the Koreans haves advanced within the past half century, making the country to achieve the fasted economic growth in the world. This is achieved after having risen from the poorest world’s countries to developed country. This is an extraordinary development which cannot be achieved by the singled country efforts on the internally produced products. The increase in productivity of a state or systems encompasses many factors. Some of the factors are internally attributed while others are externally contributed. The internally factors which are more important have contributed to this extraordinary emergency of the Koreans growth. It is observed that the moment peace fades away from one point of space; it is replaced with the enmity which brings in destruction and havoc. There is also a reverse change of the same trends that when enmity clears off tit is replaced by peaces. Unsubtly the Koreans have discovered this secrecy and this has led the country to greater heights of peace people. The fruits of it are now forming the centre of rejoicing for the people are in sheer freedom country. This restored peace is not only being a amazing blessing to the Korean sect but it is a relinquish of agony to the neighboring states as it formed a metropolitans place for many. Among the main advantaged are these indigenous citizens of the closely related people from the china state who for have been their key in the general development in the Asian continent. It’s said that a character is built from the people of whom someone associates with. It seems that the Koreans are much matching themselves with the highest flying countries to achieve global recognitions. The country has developed goods relations with the people from many countries for which it is seen to maintain closers relationship with those states which have higher market demand likes china and Japan. These are some of the most renowned countries which have also developed from such impoverished state to world class recognized world power. It is therefore the believes of most citizens hailing from Korea that the same open countries focus to entertain and attract many investors, the country will be a worlds in development as well as world’s largest market. The efforts of doing so are very eminent which are not limited to private and public organization together with the ruling government. The government has relentlessly been vigilant on many area concerned with the thriving of the economy growth both internally and externally. The effort for this has created a challenge in developing new infrastructures within the various point of developing. It is evidence that the government has initiated the one of the vast area for the development of logistics infrastructure. This are mostly designated development place for the provision of free economics’ zone. Such an opportunity has been widely applause both by the Koreans and even by the core and feeble Koreans relatives. The cloth has been cut to impress those who are craving for the trading chance to amaze the other countries which are dragging slowly in development. This is therefore highly an inevitable opportunity which the whole Korean community has confidence that a swarm of investors will definitely enough. (Bangs, 1990) The provisions which the Koreans are using are not limited to high competitive industrial structures. Many companies are coming up with minimum restriction the trade policy departments and ministries. This has given room for set up huge industries which produces various products. Some having substitute and competing products while others have monopolized productions due to lack new investor. The monopolized scheme debated own day by day. This has leads to the government to invent the new systems of offering the free economic zone where investments are encouraged to take place especially the monopolized products manufacturing companies. This include companies such those involved in the shipbuilding, automobiles and the electronics devices which are rarely available to the local markets. After considering the needs of citizens especially the youth, the governments have reduced dramatically the taxes on these products. They further providing subsides to the companies so that low priced products are realized in the marketing. The efforts are not only for the provision of low priced products, but they are also geared at high production. This is being achieved by the provision of training course at low costs to the youth who are interested in learning the new sort of technologies. It is estimated that the introduction of this program more fours hundred thousands youngsters have been trained. These are new people who can invent and even news methods for the development of standards. The high population of the country is providing surprising cheap labor which is readily available in the main central business. This allows the investor to cheaply produce the products with highly motivated and industrious Korean workforce. This spirit of the Koreans has an exciting significance influence over the major manufacturing sectors. Generally, such spirited individuals and effortless campaigns by the rulers are seen highly reduced prices which are giving the other world class international traders a very stiff competitive conditions. (Kishel, 2000)   The most tricking factors which make Korea highly success state is the strategic positions in which it holds. The country being situated in open of the major economic bloc, it has more than fifty one cities which hold a population exceeding one million people. The good relationship of the Koreans people makes them trade widely with the people from Seoul which is just 3.5 hour flight. Since there is even greater populations in the territories of the Seoul city, which holds more than 700 millions peoples living within a radius of 1200 km, these are ready markets in which fast goods are rushed for sale. The greater population of the people which visa now excedsing the productivity capacity is creating pressure on the resources available. This is calling for the rapid changes on the productions systems which will enable the country continue to expansion its commodities to its markets.   The goods have ready markets in added advantages to the investors who would continues to captures the intended reduction cost of road and air transports costs. This forms extra effort for the Koreans to introduce the high communication networks. Such is the dreams of having global power house which will transform the countries within the shortest period of time. (Withers, 1990) Reference: Withers, J. (1990) Marketing Your Service Business: Self Counsel Press. Kishel, G. (2000): Build Your Own Network Sales Business: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Bangs, D. (1990): The Market Planning Guide: Upstart Publishing Co. Gerson, R. (1995): Measuring Customer Satisfaction: Crisp Publications, Inc.

The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free

The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) have a Code of Ethics called the ‘Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy’. The framework was first published in 2002 and was reviewed in 2013. Within the Code of Ethics it states what the ethical principles and personal moral qualities are (in this piece of work I shall be explaining 4 of them). The ethical principles that I found in the BACPs Ethical Framework were (as follows): Being trustworthy Autonomy Beneficence Non-maleficence Justice Self-respect The personal moral qualities that I found in the BACPs Ethical Framework were (as follows): Empathy Integrity Respect Competence Sincerity Resilience Humility Fairness Courage The ethical principles and personal moral qualities that I shall be explaining are: Autonomy Beneficence Humility Non-maleficence Autonomy is â€Å"respect for the client’s right to be self-governing† (that is what the framework says). This means allowing the clients to make their decisions independently if they wish to. This principle highlights the importance of reinforcing a client’s ability to be independent in all aspects of their live. Beneficence is â€Å"acting within the best interests of the client based upon the  assessments† (that is what the framework says). This means working closely on an individual’s level of competence and ensuring that there are services that the individual can access with the suitable training/experience. Humility is â€Å"the ability to assess accurately and acknowledge one’s own strengths and weaknesses† (that is what the framework says). This means working to the best of a counsellor’s ability and knowing their own strengths and weaknesses and knowing that if they cannot manage something then they must seek advice from supervision. Non-maleficence is â€Å"avoiding sexual, financial, emotional or any other form of client exploitation; avoiding incompetence or malpractice; not providing services when unfit to do so due to illness, personal circumstances or intoxication† (that is what the framework says). This means that the counsellor has the responsibility to prevent the client from any harm that may happen whilst the client is in their care due to them being vulnerable. Reference: http://www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/9479_ethical%20framework%20jan2013.pdf This is the website/document that I used to access the information to help me write this piece of work on 09/09/2014 at 14:19

The Project Duration Practices In Jkr Construction Essay

The Project Duration Practices In Jkr Construction Essay In project management delivering the project as stipulated time in the contract is the most important factor to be focussed by the contractor and the implementer. Time is one of the three factors in project management should be given priority beside cost and quality. These three factors are related to each other and will give effect if one of these factors neglected. Time estimation has been identified as one of the key performance to be addressed in providing best value to construction client. To predict the construction duration of project based variables which are construction duration, building type, procurement route, contractor selection method, type of client, contract value, building function and complexity of the building. Construction management decisions are made based on schedules that are developed during the early planning stage of projects, many possible scenarios also should be considered during construction. Construction programmes are of utmost importance for a successful timely delivery of buildings or infrastructure projects. A well developed project schedule model is a dynamic tool that can be used to predict when the project work that remains to be completed can reasonably be expected to be accomplished. There is no specific tool in determining the accurate time for project duration practices in JKR. Most of the project duration was based on previous durations of the project which were not the same component of each project. By using the previous experience it may not shows the correct duration for the project. From this estimation of project duration JKR use the history of project duration based on the cost of the project, the size of the project, location and complexity of the project. This method is used since the existence of JKR. No specific method for estimate the duration of the project. It is important that the project implementation schedule is planned so that it functions according to determine other than completion on schedule without delays that could affect the other activities expected by the end-user.  Good schedule will ensure the implementation of realistic; given enough time for activities such design approval procurement, construction, tests the line and so on.   Scheduling that fails to take into account the important matters will result in projects having extension of time, or termination.  This will affect the end user involve additional expenses, including financial liability, employee relocation and storage of equipment and problems inventory. Delays in the completion of an entire project due to poor scheduling can also create havoc for owners who are eager to start using the constructed facilities (Gomar et al., 2002). 1.2 Problem  Statement Delivering the project on time as stated in the contract to the client is important to JKR as an implementer. The main problem in JKRs current practice is estimating accurate time in JKR project. Failing to deliver the project on time to the client will show the performance of JKR. One of JKRs objectives is to deliver the entire project in time as agreed with the client. Inaccurate time estimation will lead to late completion of the project. Inaccurate time estimation will cause the client additional operational cost. Incorrect in determine the project duration will shows the capability of JKR as a technical department in government. This is one of the reasons for project to be given extension of time (EOT) beside other reason such as the contractor selected cannot give full commitment to the project. Base on the JKRs record most of the project will have at least one EOT. From the data provided by JKR Project Monitoring Unit shows that more than 50% of the projects in Ninth Malaysia Plan supervised by JKR are completed behind time. This shows that time estimation for those projects are not accurate. This study will create a standard model to be used to estimate project duration. Aim of the study The main aim of this study is to develop appropriate mathematical model and strategies that can be used by the practitioners to improve current method of time estimation for JKRs projects. Objectives of the study To achieve this aim, the following objectives have been delineated To  identify  the factors that influence the completion time of the JKR projects. To study the relationship between JKRs estimated times with the actual completion based on 5 years historical data To develop mathematical model improving time estimating for school project by JKR. Scope of the study This study will use school building project by JKR only. Historical data for this study will rely on project that had been completed within past five (5) years. Mathematical model that will be used is multiple regression technique. Other more advance technique will be employed as the research progress and if found suitable. Research Methodology The methodology is divided into three stages. Planning Stage The planning stage is where the topic of study determines, aim and objective is set. Besides that literature search is done to accommodate literature review. Data Collecting Stage At this stage the methodology used in conducting this study is through literature search, data collection and structured interviews with the professionals or expert panel who are involved in time estimating of the project and questionnaires survey to JKRs staff who directly involved in determining the time of the project. Data collection will be gathered from the project as stated in the scope of study. From the results, the questionnaires survey will be conducted among JKR staff within the category of the study to assess their opinions of the findings towards the objectives of the study. Besides the questionnaires survey some interviews has also been conducted with the professionals as the expert panel, project manager, engineer and quantity surveyor to assess their opinions towards the findings based on data that have gathered. The interviews are divided into face to face questions and answers session and answering the structured questionnaires. The qualitative data generated from the questionnaires have been analyzed using statistical method and finally inferences were made to support the study findings. Reporting and Validating Stage At this stage a report will be produced based on the analysis done in second stage. The new process created from the finding will be tested and validated by the expert and selected JKR staff who involve in the process. The overall sequence of study process undertaken is shown in figure 3.1 PLANNING STAGE DATA COLLECTION STAGE REPORTING AND VALIDATING STAGE Study Topic Literature Review Objective (i) To  identify  the factors that influence the completion time of the JKR projects. Questionnaire Survey to evaluate current practice to determine factors that influence project time completion Validation of the model Develop mathematical model to express the relationship Interview with Expert Panel to determine current practice to determine the current process Objective (ii) To study the relationship between JKRs estimated times with the actual completion based on 5 years historical data Defining Study Aim, Objective and Scope Document search about current practice Objective (iii) To  develop  mathematical model  improving   time  estimating  for  school   project by JKR. To establish mathematical model to show relationship between completion time and factors that influence completion date Report and Finding Validation of the process Figure 1.1 Research Methodology Process CHAPTER 2 SCHEDULING PRACTICE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 2.1 Introduction A skill essential for good project management is accurate time estimation. There are two important reasons to get time estimates right: To drive the setting of datelines for planning and delivery of projects To guide in determine the cost of contract. It is important to make time estimation as input into other techniques used to organise and structure all projects. People always neglected or underestimate the needed time to implement project. It may reduce large project to a series of smaller project if a good time estimation technique is being used. An important aspect of Project Management is scheduling time accurately. This is a critical component of Project planning as this will decide the deadline for the completion of a project, whether small, medium or mega. (Suri et al., 2009) Stage of Time Estimation Time estimation should be taken into account during planning of the project. During this stage it is important to set the target date for completion of the project. However, a reliable estimate of the construction time at the early stages of design development will reduce uncertainty, provide a key focus for the design team, and can prove beneficial to the overall management of the construction process (Nkado 1992). Forecasting of construction cost and time is very important to contract administration as time prediction and cost forming a basis for planning, monitoring, budgeting and litigation. There are two methods of estimating construction cost and time. According to available budget by the client and time constraint through a detailed analysis of work to be done and resources available, using estimates of the time and cost requirements for each specific activity The detailed estimation of construction activities usually relies on the estimators experience and judgement to correctly interpret project and site information and make the best possible decisions. (Alfred, 1988) Current Time Estimation With the use of computer software, the estimation of construction time can be determined. This is despite the fact that a number of computer-based time forecasting techniques have been developed through research and targeted to construction professionals, including quantity surveyors, for the purpose of forecasting construction time at early design stages (Brandon 1990; Nkado 1992). In some industries, there are books recording industry standards for use by cost and schedule estimators. In every industry area there will be a body of knowledge that associates the accomplishment of known work efforts with time duration. Interviewing those who have had experience with similar projects is the best way to determine how long things will really take. Construction time demands the focus of attention of all the key participants in the construction process and is often a basis for evaluating the success of a project and the efficiency of the project organisation. Alternative procurement approaches (Masterman 1992; Turner 1990) facilitate the overlapping of design and construction times. Scheduling is a process that anticipates the future and the time taken to complete the project can not be anticipated exactly. There are techniques that can increase the likelihood of being close if planning and estimating is done side by side, the project can be managed to achieve the schedule by accelerating some efforts or modifying approaches to meet required dates. Project Manager is responsible in developing a project schedule. According to Project Management Institutes Project Management Body of Knowledge defines a project schedule as the planned dates for performing schedule activities and the planned dates for meeting schedule milestones. The practice of schedule development leverages knowledge gained from activity definition, sequencing, and estimating to create a formal sequence of project activities, the project schedule, that outlines when required work should start, when it is expected to be completed, and who will do the work. Successful project managers are those who can plan for the unexpected and are flexible enough to accommodate the unforeseen. (Needleman, 1993) CHAPTER 3 SCHEDULING PRACTICE IN JKR PROJECT Introduction Time estimation still the main agenda when JKR preparing for any new project. It is very important for public projects to be completed on time, as the clients, users, stakeholders and the general public usually look at project success from the macro view where their first criterion for project success appeared to be the completion time (Lim and Mohamed, 1999). Construction time performance references has identified that time along with cost and quality are the three crucial success in construction project. Literature review on construction projects suggested that the common criteria for project success are generally considered to be cost, time and quality/performance (De Wit, 1988; Wright, 1997; Arditi and Gunaydin, 1997; Frimpong et al., 2003; Williams, 2003; Luu et al., 2003). 3.2 Time Estimation Practise by JKR In project management time is the important criterion in accessing the progress of the construction. According to Nkado (1995), construction time has been shown to be the most influential in the overall time performance of projects. Experience is one of important criterion in scheduling process together with experience with general scheduling in the project area. From the past experience of construction projects showed that more time was given during construction. This time was determined either by JKR or by the contractor depending on the type of tender. The fixed duration time was determined by JKR. Their estimated duration mostly is based on their past experience and as a result, these estimations were found to be inaccurate. The estimated time was done base on the rules of thumb. As the construction time often has to be compressed in order to fit into the imposed time constraints, there may be insufficient buffer time to overcome unexpected interruptions, or disturbances, to the planned schedule. (Isaksson, 2005). Practitioners prefer to rely instead on their experience or to refer to historical records of the time performance of past projects (Atkin et al. 1993). 3.3 Consideration for Estimation In determining the accurate time for the construction project, a few characteristic has to be considered. According to (Ahmad et al., 2006) data related to project characteristics were: contract size (in terms of Ringgit Malaysia); tender type three types of tender, i.e. open tender, open to bumiputra only (native Malay contractors) or selective tender; bid ratio (the difference between awarded bid and next lowest bid); bid spread (the difference between lowest and highest bid); percentage difference between awarded bid and estimate; extra project cost; number of bidders; size of contractor (class A, class B, class C and class D and E); project complexity (less complex, moderately complex or highly complex); type of design and supervision (projects both designed and supervised by appointed consultants, projects designed by consultant and supervised by government engineers, project both designed and supervised by government engineers); experience of contractors (similar to the work tendered, comparable or other experience); and project regional location (northern, western, eastern and southern region). Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) conducted a literature survey on causes of project delay where they claimed that 50 percent of the delays can be categorized as non-excusable delays for which the contractors were responsible. A study by Kumaraswamy and Chan (1998) indicated that six common significant factors for both building works and civil engineering projects were: poor site management, supervision, low speed of decision making involving all project teams, client initiated variations, necessary variations of works inadequate contractor experience. In estimating time of project, a consideration on the characteristic and factors of the project must take into account during planning. The factors that JKR consider for the project that estimated are cost, location and complexity. These factors are taken base on the history of construction in JKR. In order to gets more accurate time estimating a few other factors should be consider not only the above. Reaction by JKR Top Management Director General of JKR Malaysia (2002) in meeting with Directors of JKR Malaysia has mention about the project duration implemented by JKR. Quoted from minutes of meeting the by Director General of JKR Malaysia (a) Mengambil maklum : (i) akan keterangan bahawa tempoh pembinaan yang ditetapkan adalah sesuatu yang tidak mustahil untuk dicapai. Pembinaan sekolah dalam tempoh 6 bulan merupakan sesuatu yang praktikal dan telah dibuktikan dengan kejayaan pembinaan Projek Sekolah Kebangsaan Paya Besar Lunas, Kulim yang disiapkan dalam tempoh tersebut. (ii) akan keterangan bahawa Projek SRJK(C) Tropicana Damansara berjaya disiapkan dalam tempoh 5.5 bulan sahaja. (iii) akan keterangan bahawa Pengarah INTAN begitu kagum dengan penyiapan Projek INTAN Kluang sehinggakan beliau meminta JKR melaksanakan semua kampus INTAN yang lain. Base on the above quote by Director General of JKR Malaysia it shows how important accurate time estimation in JKR Project to top management. JKR has used fixed duration time for the construction of school and it is successful. Another criteria to be consider in determining the time is method of construction. Most of the building projects implemented by JKR in the second half on Ninth Malaysian Plan (RMKe 9) are using Industrialised Building System (IBS). Base on the instruction by Ministry of Finance through the Treasury Circular Letters No 7 Year 2008, at least seventy percent (70%) of component must use IBS for government project. This instruction will lead to another criteria that accurately estimate the time in JKR project.

Rendell Company Case Study Essay -- Business Case Study Essays, solut

Rendell Company Case Study Executive Summary This report will give us a clear perspective as to what the optimal organizational structure that suits Rendell Company plus some additional control system in attaining the company’s main objectives. We will be also tackling the roles, functions and responsibilities of a controller in an organization. This case takes us into Rendell Company which is currently having problems between the corporate controller and the divisional controller. We assessed the advantages and disadvantages of the organization structure of Martex whether it can be applied and be implemented to Rendell Company in order to resolve the problem. Through the frameworks and issues, we concluded that while current setup would cause some budgetary discrepancies because of the lack of loyalty between the divisional controllers to the corporate controller, changing the organization structure of Martex would cause a disparity between the division manager and the divisional controller thus resulting in an anxiety in their working environment which is too costly as compared to maintaining the current setup. I. Case Context Rendell Company is experiencing some difficulties in implementing its modern control techniques due to the irking relationship between the divisional controller and the corporate controller (Mr. Bevins) resulting in an added fat to the organization’s budgets. Now, with these problems, Mr. Bevins is interested with the organizational structure of Martex if this will be the solution of the current problem. II. Problem definition How Should Rendell resolve the current reporting relationship of the corporate controller and the divisional controllers to achieve goal congruence? Is the controller relationship of Martex better than that of Rendell’s current organizational relationships? III. Framework The group worked out on these following considerations in resolving the issue: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we identify the company objective which is to achieve profitability and growth. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attaining goal congruence within the organization is important to support the company’s main objective. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analysis of the current organization and reporting structure by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment of the proposed organizational set-up (patterned from the set-up of Martex) by evaluating whether implementa... ...ke more active involvement in the budget VI. Basic Justification Since an accounting system is already in place in Rendell, change may not be easily accepted by the concerned divisions. Such changes may cause a dysfunction in the organizational structure since making division controllers report directly to corporate controller might cause destabilization in the structure of authority in the divisions. Loyalty issues may also arise because division managers may feel by-passed or spied-upon which may cause more problems in the long run. Thus, more importance should be given in preserving the power structure in each division. It is better that the company face the problem of having fats in the expense budget rather than give up order in each division and jeopardize the established line of authority. As a conclusion, maintaining the current setup would be better than changing it into the structure of Martex in achieving the goals and objectives of Rendell Company. VII. Operationalize / Implementing our Decision Implementing our decision would include retaining the current setup and adapt changes (as mentioned on our decision) from Martex to reduce the â€Å"fat† in the budget.

A Dream with Deceit Essay -- American Argumentative Persuasive Essays

A Dream with Deceit In a world of uncertainty and disappointment, many people welcome the promise of happiness by any definition. In response to this, society offers the "American Dream," a guarantee of success through hard work and perseverance, as a path to contentment. Corporate America cunningly markets the "American Dream" to the public, and as a result the allure of wealth and status dictates the lives of many Americans. The elite and large corporations intentionally feed the idea of an "American Dream" to the general public because they depend on its widespread acceptance to maintain their undisputed power. The media has become a powerful tool for corporations to spread the ideals of the "American Dream" throughout the population. Television and newspapers, two specific channels of the media, have a vast influence over the people that the "American Dream" targets. The power that the media has over the general population is strong, influencing society's ideals and view of the "American Dream" through methods equivalent to brainwashing. Society continues to uphold a destructive "American Dream," giving people a false perception of success and ignoring the reality of limited opportunity that exists today. Society has imposed the "American Dream" on individuals for as long as the United States has been in existence. People are manipulated into believing that hard work and perseverance will lead to their ultimate success in life. The government, the media, and corporations alike create and exploit the "American Dream" as a system of mass control. Greed propels the dream by adding to the power it hold over individuals. Society is told that everyone should be striving for success, which is defined a... ...bert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 305-310. Dalton, Harlon L. "Horatio Alger." Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 311-317. Fallows, James. "The Invisible Poor." Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 356-369. "Money and Success: The Myth of Individual Opportunity." Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001.295-297. Mantsios, Gregory. "Myths and Realities." Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 318-333. Terkel, Studs. "Stephen Cruz." Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 335-339.

Gender Roles and Hypnosis :: Barker Regeneration papers

"Gender Roles and Hypnosis" Pat Barker's Regeneration explores the internal struggles of WWI soldiers, and their attempts to overcome the trauma of war experiences. One way in which soldiers were treated for psychological trauma was with hypnosis. Hypnosis is introduced to the reader on page 51. In this particular scene, Billy Prior is attempting to convince Dr. Rivers of his specific need for hypnotherapy, in order to recall his repressed memories. By recovering these painful memories through hypnosis, Barker's male patients find themselves able to embrace emotions rather than repress them. Prior is one particular example of the need to alter masculine gender roles in order to embrace emotions and be healed, a theme present in Regeneration. Hypnosis is derived from the Greek word hypnos, which means sleep ("Hypnotism"). However, the patient does not sleep during hypnosis. It has been described as a therapeutic method, which uses the "technique of inducement of trance, which is a state of semi-conscious relaxation, at the same time maintaining sensory contact with the environment" (Bernik). Hypnosis can produce various levels of perception, increased memory, increased attention and motor functions, and "higher intellectual functions" (Bernik). Historically there have been many uses for hypnosis, as David Deegan describes. The most general is to relieve all types of physical pain. During hypnosis, many patients have described their physical pain as feeling closer to a warming sensation. Another use involves the treatment of diseases such as asthma and irritable colon. Hypnosis can also be used to control various impulses that can contribute to anorexia, obesity, chemical addictions, and sexual impulses. Finally, hypnosis can be used to treat phobias such as panic disorder and anxiety. It was widely used in this manner in WWI due to a shortage of psychiatrists, mostly for the treatment of physical pain, itching, anxiety, and the "restoring of repressed traumatic experiences which could them be dealt with and understood, helping soldiers come to terms with dreadful events" (Deegan). Coming to terms with traumatic events through hypnosis is a positive consequence of restoring memory. Barker first refers to hypnosis and its assistance in restoring memory on page 51, where hypnosis represents proof of Prior's desire to be healed. Prior is arguing that he does in fact want to get better, but he does not agree with Rivers' psychoanalytic treatment. He claims he does not remember the latter part of his service in France, and he wants Rivers to try hypnosis so that he can recall his repressed memories.

A Computerized Payroll System

Abstract 1. 0Introduction1-1 1. 1Statement of the Problem 1-1 1. 2Current state of the Technology 1-2-1-4 1. 3Objectives 1-5 1. 3. 1General Problem 1-5 1. 3. 2Specific Problem 1-5 – 1-6 1. 3. 3General Objectives1-6 1. 3. 4Specific Objectives 1-6 – 1-7 1. 3. 5Scope and Limitations 1-7 – 1-9 2. 0Theoretical Framework2-1 2. 1Introduction 2-1 2. 2Database Management 2-2 2. 3Information System2-2 2. 4Transaction Processing System2-3 2. 5Computer2-3 2. 5. 1Hardware2-3 2. 5. 2Software2-4 2. 5. 3Microsoft Access2-4 2. 5. 4Microsoft Word2-4 3. A Computerized Payroll System for Arias Garments 3-1 3. 1. Introduction 3-1 3. 2 System Design Specification 3-1 3. 3 System Development Life Cycle Diagram 3-2 – 3-4 3. 3. 1. System Planning 3-2 3. 3. 2. System Analysis 3-3 3. 3. 3. System Design 3-3 3. 3. 4. System Implementation3-4 3. 3. 5. System Maintenance 3-4 Data Flow Diagram of Regular Employees (Current System) 3-5 Data Flow Diagram of Contractual Employees (Current System) 3-6 3. 3 Proposed Data Diagram 3-7- 3-8 3. 4 Entity Relationship Diagram 3-9 3. 5 Input Specification 3-10- 3-12 Data Structure of Database: Personal Data 3-10 Data Structure of Database: Regular payroll3-10-3-11 Data Structure of Database: Formula for Regular 3-10 Data Structure of Database: Contractual Payroll3-11-3-12 Data Structure of Database: Formula for Contractual 3-12 Data Structure of Database: Deductions 3-12 4. 0. Performance Analysis 4-1 4. 1. Introduction 4-1 4. 2. Experimental 4. 3. Data Gathering Procedures and Output4-2 4. 3. 1. Interview 4-2 4. 3. 2. Observation4-2 – 4-3 4. 4. Research Method 4-3 4. 4. 1. Internet 4-3- 4-4 4. 4. 2. Library 4-4 5. 0. Conclusion 5-1 5. 1. Recommendation 5-1-5-2 Appendices Appendix A (work schedule) Appendix B (Certification and letter) Appendix C (transcript of interview) Appendix D (sample forms and reports) Appendix E (expenses) Appendix f (screen shots) 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1Statement of the Problem Not so long ago, all payrolls used to be calculated manually without any help from the computer. Professional’s accountants invested a lot of time and energy into keeping track of all employee data, files and information, calculating monthly salaries, benefits and taxes. And they did this all by keeping numerous files filled with track records for each and every person employed. Nowadays, however, thing are for more simple than they used to be. Because technology is always dedicated to making thing easier and better, quite a wide variety of computerized payroll system is available to save us from this tedious task. Now instead of keeping dozens of files and spending in less hours calculating, all you have to do is get a payroll software system and let it do the nasty work. The computerized payroll system saves time and money easy to use and practical. Manual payroll system is performed entirely by hand and can result in payroll errors and usually slow process. Nowadays business establishment on corporation must use modern technologies to make their tasks easier and faster, technologies that will help people to solve complex problems. Businesses needs advance system that saves time and also secure. Most of company now uses computerized payroll system. A computerized payroll system will not only resolve difficult problems but also it will provide fast process and accurate calculation of the salary. 1. 2Current State of the Technology Transaction processing systems offer enterprises the means to rapidly process transactions to ensure the smooth flow of data and the progression of processes throughout the enterprise. Managing a payroll system manually is a tedious job. Hours worked, taxes, and government deduction are calculated y hand, error in computation can occur as a result. Making sure that each employee is paid accordingly and on time is a management responsibility that should be carefully planned and executed. Failure to manage a payroll effectively may cause many problems for the company and its employees. It could mean loss of money, integrity, and trust between both parties. Oftentimes, it takes many hours of work and manpower to get the job done. In certain cases, effective payroll management is compromised by the lack of an effective system. Most companies may have enough manpower and resources. However, with an effective information technology, managing a payroll will be simpler, cost-effective, timely and reliable. One of the companies that use manual payroll system is the Arias Garments. It was established last September 18, 1994 at #88 Bargy. Latag, Lipa City, under the management of Mr. Alex Arias together with his wife Mrs. Anita Carol Katigbak. It started with only forty machines and ten employees. The capital of Arias Garments is Php 500,000. 00. By 1996, Arias Garments became the subcontractor of Champan Garments. Champan Garments produce and transport products like Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Tommy, and Hilfinger. As of now, Arias Garments have 176 machines and 100 employees (40 regular and 60 contractual). 8:00AM is the time-in of employees, 4:00PM is the time out, and they consider 8:15AM as late. Employees who are late or either log-out earlier than 4:00PM will have a deduction on their wages (deduction is 0. 61 per minutes late or under time). First offense, for late and employees who under time, will be given warning, second and third offense is suspension and fourth offense is termination. Manufacturing is their main business, their product lines are: Jeans, Skirts, and shorts for maternity, infants, and kinds. Their clients are from different countries: Japan, UK, Hongkong, China, and Taiwan. Arias Garments is not allowed to sell or manufacture product here in Philippines, because this is an agreement between Arias and Champan Garments. They also have regular and contractual employee, when it comes to salary it is still the same, Php293. 0 is the salary rate per day. Regular employees have government benefits (SSS, PagIbig, and Phil health). Arias Garments is a minimum wage earner that’s why they are paying the minimum amount on the government deduction. PagIbig deduction is Php100. 00 per month, since weekly is the cut-off period Php100. 00 will be divided by four because there are four weeks in a month; Php25. 00 is the deduction per cut-off period on PagIbig. In PhilHealth, Php50. 00 is the per month, so per cut-off period is Php12. 50. Regarding with SSS deduction the Compliance Officer is provided a table of deduction given by SSS. Since employees are minimum wage earner they have to pay Php133. 30 month or Php33. 33 per cut-off period. Contractual employees don’t have benefits; it means they don’t have to pay government deduction. Employees of Arias Garments are not paying taxes, because they are minimum wage earner and do not receive allowance from the company, therefore they are zero rated or tax free. Regarding to holiday, employees who work during holiday will have a double pay. Regular employees who worked, one year and above have a vacation leave ( policy regarding to leave olicy is written at the back part at appendix ___? ) They used daily time card to monitor the attendance of employees and every Thursday is their cut-off period. Accounting Process is managed by the Compliance Officer namely, Mrs. Korina Navarro. She manually computes every day the employee’s wages and necessary deductions, she spent three hours a day to finish and update the employee’s wages. By looking th rough the time card she manages to compute the days worked of 100 employees’s that causes inaccurate and delay computation of the weekly salary. Reports for SSS, PagIbig, and Phil health will be prepared by the Compliance Officer that consume most of her time in a day. Because of huge number of Arias Garments employees, the Compliance Officer encounter different problem like slow transaction and inaccurate computation of wages and deductions, inaccurate report generation and ineffective creation of pay slip. 1. 3Objectives 1. 3. 1General Problem How to design, develop and improve the current payroll system of Arias Garments? 1. 3. 2Specific Problem †¢How to add and update the employee’s record faster? Based on interview the Compliance Officer takes more of her time on adding and updating employee’s record. Because of big number of Arias Garments employee, it causes inaccurate input on adding and updating data. †¢How to make accurate computations of the employee’s payroll? Based on the interview conducted, the Compliance Officer of Arias Garments computes the employee’s salary includes certain deductions (SSS, Phil Health and PagIbig) and necessary leave, absence, holiday pay, and under time that are carefully considered for the computations of the net pay manually. Exchanging and inaccurate results usually happened. Arias Garments create their pay slip manually also, in this case the compliance officer has to look at the table all over again to verify each of the employee’s salary and write it down on a pay slip to formalized the wage slow transaction and inaccurate pay slip is the often result. †¢How to minimize the time preparing the weekly employee reports? Based on observation the compliance officer is the only one who prepares the weekly employee reports that consume most of her time in a day. Arias Garments monitoring system is executed manually, therefore generating reports consume more time. 1. 3. 3General objectives This study aims to improve the current payroll system of Arias Garments by developing and designing a computerized payroll. 1. 3. 4Specific Objectives Specifically, the study aims: †¢To develop an Information Module that will contain personal information of employees. This module will improve the procedures of adding and updating files and record of employees of Arias Garments through the use of computerized payroll information module, which will minimize the time in adding and updating processes. †¢To develop a transaction module that will compute the wages and deductions such as PagIbig, SSS, Phil Health, and absence. This module will automatically compute necessary government deductions needed in providing weekly wages. This will serve as a guide in computing wages. This will also contain a print-out salary and deductions of the employees. This will automatically print-out the computed salary of employees in a computerized pay slip. †¢To develop a report generation module, that will generate weekly reports to be use by the Compliance Officer. The proposed system will also contain the report generation module which will offer faster way of creating weekly reports. This module will generate reports easier than Microsoft Excel. . 3. 5Scope and Limitations The system will focus mainly on transaction of calculating employee’s wages by using Microsoft Access. It will guarantee maintenance of employee’s personal records and transaction. The proposed system will be using Microsoft Access. The system has a data base that stores all the employees record needed in payroll computation. Thi s includes the personal data of every employee, government deductions and other deductions. Computation for contractual and regular employees will be separated. The Computerized Payroll System will contain the major following major module: †¢Information Module This module contains the personal information about the employees of the Arias Garments. In this module Compliance Officer can add, delete, edit and update easily the information about employees. †¢Transaction Module This module is for the computation of the employee’s payroll for their weekly wages. Computation on deduction such SSS, PagIbig, PhilHealth, late and under time will automatically computed and deducted in this module. †¢Report Generation Module This module will generate weekly reports such as employees payslip, SSS, PagIbig, and PhilHealth Contribution. The Compliance Officer can view or print-out the needed reports. This will help the management in a faster salary distribution for the employees. This study will not involve the use of other electronic devices such as swiping machines, barcode readers, touch screen and programmable keyboard due to the lack of financial capability of the proponents to buy such equipments and Arias Garments does not consider those devices at present time due to their budget allocation. Time-in and time-out of the employees will not be included in the system. Employees will still use the daily time card to monitor their attendance. Compliance Officer will just transfer the employee attendance by typing in to the system. User name and user password is not provided on the system. Financial calculation is not included in the system; only employees can be calculated in the system. Furthermore, the system would be limited only for creation of pay slips, generation of reports and record keeping. The system will not include accounting process such computation of debit, credit, and cash on hand. The system is designed in such a manner that Compliance Officer with minimal computer knowledge will be able to learn and later master all the procedures provided. Therefore, it will not be necessary to hire additional staff. 2. 0Theoretical Framework 2. Introduction A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory but not necessarily so well worked-out. A theoretical framework guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for. Theoretical frameworks are obviously critical in deductive, theory-testing sorts of studies. In those kinds of studies, the theoretical framework must be very specific and well-thought out. Surprisingly, theoretical frameworks are also important in exploratory studies, where you really don't know much about what is going on, and are trying to learn more. There are two reasons why theoretical frameworks are important here. First, no matter how little you think you know about a topic, and how unbiased you think you are, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions, even if they are of a very general nature. A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory but not necessarily so well worked-out. A theoretical framework guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for. 2. 2Database Management A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured. 2. 3Information System Information Systems (IS) is an academic/professional discipline bridging the business field and the well-defined computer science field that is evolving toward a new scientific area of study. An information systems discipline therefore is supported by the theoretical foundations of information and computations such that learned scholars have unique opportunities to explore the academics of various business models as well as related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline. . 4 Transaction Processing System A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of information system that collects, stores, modifies and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise. A transaction is any event that passes the ACID test in which data is generated or modified before storage in an information system. Transaction processing systems offer enterprises the me ans to rapidly process transactions to ensure the smooth flow of data and the progression of processes throughout the enterprise. 2. Computer A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. 2. 5. 1Hardware Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners. The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as components, while external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under the category of computer hardware. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run. 2. 5. 2Software Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do and how to do it. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. 2. 5. 3Microsoft Access Microsoft Access is the database application from the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. It is a powerful personal database and data manipulation tool that is also widely used in many small businesses. Database consists of tables, their relationship to one another, queries, reports, forms. Macros and filters. 2. 5. 4Microsoft Word Word includes templates to design documents used routinely in office environments such as sales letters, mailing label formats and invoices. A program to type text. 3. 0A Computerized Payroll System for Arias Garments 3. 1Introduction The proposed system will be using Microsoft Access for the database. The system will have a data base that stores all the employee records needed in payroll computation. This includes information of every employee and government deductions. The system have a information, transaction and report generation module. The proposed system is designed only for the use of Arias Garments which is located at #88 Brgy. Latag, Lipa City. The system would be limited only for the creation of pay slips, generation of reports and record keeping. 3. 2System Design Specification The proposed system is determined to eliminate all the problems encountered in using the manual operations in the payroll system. The primary goal of the proponents is to develop a computerized system that will help the user reduce the burden of time processing of payroll with integrity and accuracy. The proponents used System development Life Cycle, because it is systematic and has an orderly approach in analyzing the projects. The first step is System Planning, second is system analysis, third is system design, fourth is system implementation and last is system support. The system was developed in order to solve the problems of the current payroll of Arias Garments. System development Life Cycle System Planning The planning phase includes several elements such as identification of objectives, assessment of resources, scanning the environment, determination and evaluation of alternative sources of action toward the achievement of objectives. The proponents did the initial investigation as what solution is necessary in order to improve the current manual payroll system of the Arias Garments. The proponents gather information through interviews, and observation of the current payroll system of Arias Garments. This study aims to design, develop and improved the current manual payroll system of Arias Garments to lessen the time being consumed in computing salaries and generating all necessary reports. System Analysis The purpose is to analyze the Arias Garments problem or situation and then to define the requirements for new or improved payroll system. The proponents worked with the Compliance Officer of Arias Garments in order to better understand how they managed their current payroll system and how proponents can provide the best alternative solution. System design The scope of a system design remains the single payroll system application from system analysis. The purposed is to design a computerized technical solution that meets the payroll system requirements as specified in system analysis. Proponents used the best solution that they devised in the system analysis phase. Proponents provide effective input to information like the formula, field name and type. Proponents used techniques of a good form and screen design. System Implementation The purposed of the system implementation is defined by the technology related components of the payroll system application. The purpose is to construct and or assemble the technical components and deliver the new improved payroll system into operation. The system is carefully tested to make sure that there are no errors. The proponents turn the system design into credible working system using Microsoft Access. System Maintenance The purposed of the system maintenance is to sustain and support the system for the remainder of its useful life. The proponents will use a proof implementation review process to monitor, evaluate and modify the system as needed. The proponents will keep in touch with the payroll officers for them to communicate with each other about the installed payroll system program. If ever those errors are encountered, the proponents will do all of the necessary corrections the soonest possible time. This phase will continue as long as the system is in use. 3. 3Proposed Data Flow Diagram of Arias Garments The proposed system was developed in order to solve the problems of the current manual payroll of Arias Garments. The system will monitor the time-in and time-out of the employees and calculate hours worked in payroll transaction. Employee’s records and files will be kept in a secured database for necessary updating and deletion purposes. The system will also generate weekly reports and computerized pay slip for every employee. 3. 4Entity Relationship Diagram Entity Relationship Diagram is use to identify the relationships between each table from database. Each table has a primary key that connect the table to another table to know if it is connected to other tables. 3. Input Specification Data Structure of Database: Personal Data Data Structure of Database: Regular Payroll Data Structure of Database: Formula Regular Payroll Data Structure of Database: Contractual Payroll Data Structure of Database: Formula Contractual Payroll Data Structure of Database: Deductions 3. 6Output Specification Data Structure of Database: Personal Data Data Structure of Database: Regular Payroll Data Structure of Database: Formula Regular Payroll Data Structure of Database: Contractual Payroll Data Structure of Database: Formula Contractual Payroll Data Structure of Database: Deductions 4. 0Performance Analysis 4. 1Introduction Performance analysis involves gathering formal and informal data to help customers and sponsors define and achieve their goals. Performance analysis uncovers several perspectives on a problem or opportunity, determining any and all drivers towards or barriers to successful performance, and proposing a solution system based on what is discovered. Based on interview and observation the solution for the problem encountered by Arias Garments is to improve their current payroll system. 4. 2Experimental The experimental method is the only method of research that can truly test hypotheses concerning cause-and-effect relationships. It represents the most valid approach to the solution of educational problems, both practical and theoretical, and to the advancement of education. The proponents use Microsoft Excel to determine the difference with Microsoft Access. Proponents found out that Microsoft Access is easy to use and more advance when it comes to features. By browsing the Microsoft Access proponents became more familiar on it and they can now make a Computerized Payroll System for Arias Garments. 4. 3Data Gathering Procedures and Output In data gathering, the proponents used different procedures and techniques that became the first touch of defining problems encountered by Arias Garments. The proponents set an interview with the Compliance Officer in order to gather facts. The second technique is observation, as to clearly understand and support the conducted interview. Library and internet is also use. 4. 3. 1Interview Interview is a technique used to gather information about the subject of the study. Relevant set of questions were prepared for the Compliance Officer, Mrs Korina Navarro in order to gather information on how they manage their current Payroll System. The transcript of interview is on the back page at apendex____? 4. 3. 2Observation Observation is very effective information gathering. In able to understand clearly the problem of the current system or to know what solutions should be made, observation is one technique that should be practiced. Observation is performed by the proponents in order to know and understand the daily transaction of Arias Garments. Based on the observation conducted, computation and deductions are done manually in their current payroll by the Compliance Officer. Often, results are slow transaction and inaccurate computation of salary. 4. 4Research Method Can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories. 4. 4. 1Internet The proponents used internet because, internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of information. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. Throughout the development of the system and documentation particularly in chapter 2, 3, and 4, the proponents use goggle, yahoo, Wikipedia as search engine for defining terms like theoretical framework, database management, transaction processing system, information system, computer, hardware, software, Microsoft Access and word for chapter 2 and the different phases of system development life cycle for chapter 3. Data gathering, interview, observation, research method, internet and library for chapter 4. The following website that we have research are: References: [http://www. estpricecomputers. co. uk/glossary/transaction-processing-systems. htm] [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Information_system] [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer] [http://www. google. com. ph] 4. 3. 2 Library It means the collection itself, the building or room that houses such a collection. The proponents conducted library research at STI College Lipa Library. Information was gathered by the proponents fr om different thesis about payroll system like â€Å"A Computerized Payroll System for the office of the City Veterinarian and Agriculture services and some other books like Database Processing and MS Office ’97. Screen Shot No. : 1 Screen Name: Welcome Screen Shot No. : 2 Description: Arias Garments Logo’s Screen Shot No. : 3 Description: all modules Screen Shot No. : 4 Description: this is Information form, can add, delete and update employees record. Screen Shot No. : 5 Description: Form for the computation of regular employee’s salary. Screen Shot No. : 6 Description: Form for the computation of contractual employee’s salary Screen Shot No. : 7 Description: Reports Screen Shot No. 8 Description: Payslip ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Words are not enough to express the depth of gratitude for those special people who unselfishly shared their time, helping hands, words of encouragement and most of all love, which contributed to the fulfillment of this endeavor. Coming from our heart with all sincerity we wish to thank the following: Engr. Ramon P. Flores IV, Dean and our instructor in research and development for the concern, comments, hel pful advice and encouragement to finish this study. Arias Garments, especially to Ms. Korina Navarro the Compliance Officer, for allowing us to conduct interview and providing the information and written document for pursuing this study. Ms. Thelma Sarmiento and Ms. Daisy Oracion, IT instructors for their worthy suggestion and sharing knowledge for fulfilment of our system. Mr. Antonio Fernandez BSBM Head, for giving us some suggestion and moral support for the fulfillment of this study. Ms. Isabelita Socias, STI Lipa Librarian for allowing us to use the library. Mr. Leonardo Babol III, giving us the permission you use the permission STI Computer Laboratory. Mr. Lloyd Wendell Aguilar, for guiding us when we are using computers in the Computer Laboratory. Friends and Classmates, for encouragement and support. Beloved Parents, for their all-out love, concern and understanding, moral and financial support which contributed significantly in the accomplishment and fulfilment of the study. And to Almighty God, for never-ceasing guidance in helping us to overcome all of our day-today difficulties and for not leaving us in time of hardship. Thank you very much. Proponents: Ms. Arnalyn S. Arellano Ms. Marry Ann A. Adona Ms. Christine Rose R. Arellano BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: [1997]Microsoft Office ‘97 System Technology Institute PHP and SQL Web Development (3rd Edition) Luke Welling and Laura Thomson Unpublished Thesis: [CAV 2004]Vergara, Carmen A. A computerized Payroll System for the Office of the City of Veterinarian and Agriculture March 2004 World Wide Web: Http://www. goggle. com. ph] Http://www. Transaction-processing-system. htm] [Http://www. wikepedia. org/wiki/computer]

How Harmful Secrecy Can Be Essay

To talk about keeping secrets or how harmful secrecy can be,we should first know what serecy is.what kind of secrets surround us,and since when it all started?Secrets were born with the human being.They just follow a cycle since our existence on the plante.The problem is that do we really need secrets?Are they vital to us?If we follow the right path there is no need for secrets but many times we don’t,we can also make huge mistakes that we better think not to show.So we hide them,and hiding them we create a secret. In the 21st century,in this HI-TEC society we hardly can keep anything private.It all starts with the online privacy which in fact doesn not exist.Someone,we don’t know who,may be monitoring us every single minute. They just gt access in our private stuff.It is really uncomfortable to think that someone can be reading what you’ve typed. A magician creates a trick and he firstly shows it to his wife.She gets amazed by the trick and insists to know the way he does it.After he tells her she says:†Once you know it’s actually very obvious†.These are called professional tricks which can’t be shown.Because revealing these secrets you just vanish the magic of what you do,making it something ordinary. There are also government secrets which are absolutely the most important of all.Most of them have to do with the national security and some of them are too ugly to be said. Maybe some secrets aren’t revealed to avoid panic.But don’t we deserve to know everything in democratic government?If we can’t administer these secrets,who are the enilightened people whom all these secrets are believed? It’s clear that not all the people of a country,even they’re aqual to each other,aren’t capable of administering these risky secrets.Some things are just ugly to be public,the wikileaks case for example. Was it necessary that the entire world knew what American Government really thought about other national governs? Honestlyi think national secrets should be kept because they contain very important information that may be harmful if it reveals.In these cases ignorance is bless. Have you ever though there are some secrets we just don’t want to know or we don’t want to accept.after something extraordinary,we eill be looking for the secret.But of course we eon’t find it because of course;we’ll not be really looking.We don’t really want to work it out.We want to be fooled.

Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan

| Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan| Evidence from Pakistan 2008/09 and 2010/11| | | | Table of Contents Introduction2 Literature Review2 Methodology3 Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers5 Results7 Discussion7 Bibliography8 Appendix A9 Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results:9 Introduction This paper explores the dynamics of gender wage discrimination in Pakistan for two data sets; Labour Force Survey for the year 2008/09 and 2010/11. We will explore whether or not women are discriminated against, as it has been suggested for a predominantly Islamic country like Pakistan.Labour theory addresses many reasons for wage discrimination. For the purposes of this research we will concentrate on ‘employer wage discrimination’. Following this our research will be aimed at discovering if women are paid less than their male counter-parts especially with the same set of characteristics. For this purpose we will use the Oaxaca-Blinder method to calculate the coef ficient for discrimination across genders. Literature Review The basis of this paper is the work done by Oaxaca and Blinder in 1973 about wage discrimination models.In the paper ‘Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earnings Gap’ (Giaimo R. 2007) this method has been applied to find out how different characteristics change the discriminatory behaviour of employers in Italy. Oaxaca’s method for calculating discrimination was further adapted in the paper ‘Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles’ (Javier Gardeazabal 2005), and was used to calculate discrimination coefficients for quintiles. In a study conducted in India (Tilak 1980), it was found that the incidence of unemployment was higher for women than for men with the same characteristics.In this study the only characteristic that was taken was education. This is a different angle to look at discrimination from what this paper will do. Rather than looking at the unemployed, this paper will see the women in the labour force and if they face discrimination with respect to their wages. However, the underlying aim and also the hypothesis formed are the same. The paper ‘Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98’ (Mats Johansson 2005) explored the wage gaps between men and women in Sweden.They found that the wage gap was 14%-18% during the 1990’s. Their study also indicated that this difference could not be explained by applying the job requirements and qualifications to women’s wage function. The conclusion was that there is undoubtedly some other factors other than the characteristics of the workers that determined the wages in the Labour Market. Methodology This paper calculated a coefficient for Gender Wage Discrimination from the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? m(Xm-Xf) Here ‘? ’ is a vector of characteristics of workers.Therefore, the first part of the equation shows the wage differenti al between males and females on the basis of characteristics. Second part of the equation normalizes characteristics, for females in this instance, and then subtracts the wage differential based on characteristics, to give us the overall differential based on discrimination. As a control, we also work out the converse of this Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition as follows; D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? f(Xm-Xf) To control for selectivity bias, we have also used the ‘Heckman Procedure’.A multi-variable Logit model was run and three variables (Lambda1, Lambda 2 and Lambda3) were calculated to act as control for variables missed in our model. This discrimination coefficient has been calculated for two data sets using characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, province, region, professional trainings and status in the family. These characteristics have been selected after being shown significant as the determinant of wage. Natural log of wages was the dependant variable in the following regression; Table [ 1 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2008/09Table [ 2 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2010/11 Our results are much better for the data set of 2010/11. The signs of education are expected. For the data set of 2008/09, signs for education are positive which does not support theory. Even after efforts to remove multi-colinearity, they still show positive signs. Most of the variables in the regression are also insignificant. However, when we take the data for LFS 2010/11, and correct it for selectivity bias, we get much better results. Most of the variables are significant as well as show the correct signs. The same algorithm was applied to both the data sets, and the same variables have been taken). Results of Logit models for correcting selectivity bias are attached in Appendix A. Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers Summary tables from LFS 2010/11 1. Age * Theory suggests that this is one of the most important determinants of peopleâ€⠄¢s decision to work. 2. Marital Status * This variable was taken as a dummy variable in the regression. * It is a significant variable in the decision to work, especially in developing economies like Pakistan. 3. Province This is also taken as a dummy. The Baluchistan province was omitted from this analysis. However, the calculations of the Oaxaca Blinder method take this omitted variable into account. This is because the method takes the vectors of the estimated regression equation. 4. Region * Whether a person is from a Rural or urban background has impact on the opportunities and the job growth pattern. 5. Education Level * This is linked directly with the variable wage. * This is again taken as a dummy variable, and higher education was omitted from the regression. 6. Migration (Rural-Urban) Although not a very significant variable in our regression, there are other empirical studies that have shown how the migrated families have better opportunities for work than those who do not. 7. Literacy * This is a dummy variable, and is significant in our analysis. 8. Selectivity Bias Variables * These are Lambda’s in the model. And have been calculated using the Heckman Procedure for controlling selectivity bias. Results To find the discrimination coefficient a matrix exercise was done in Stata using the data from LFS 2007/08. This presented the following equation; D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? Xm-Xf D=10. 030812+-7. 4166332 D= 2. 614212 The discrimination coefficient for LFS 2010/11 was calculated as follows: D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? fXm-Xf D=0. 11964462+0. 31341527 D= 0. 43305989 Just looking at the numbers we can say that discrimination have gone down significantly over the last two years. Whether this is actually the case, or this is just due to the problems in the data, we cannot be sure. However, we think that the result for 2010/11 is a better estimate overall. The results show that women are at a significant disadvantage in Pakistan’s Labour Force. These results are quite expected.However, we also need to take the problems in data collection and measurement into account. Many of the cottage and small scale industries are not counted in the LFS and they are a prime source of employment for women in Pakistan. Discussion There are many limitations of this study. First of all this can be made more powerful if panel data is used, however, there are no sources of such data. Secondly, an easy method of expanding this study would be to do an inter year comparative study. There are more limitations that are related directly to the data that we have used.Many questions have been raised about the methodology and the authenticity of the data in Labour Force Survey of Pakistan. However, this limitation is beyond our control. There have also been questions raised about the Oaxaca-Blinder method of calculating wage discrimination. While we have attempted to review paper that have used this technique and have achieved good results, there are still many questi ons about the technique, still. There are few policy implications that we can derive from these results, especially if we look at the significance levels in the data for 2008/09.However, this paper does prove to some extent that there is a problem of gender wage discrimination is Pakistan. We can attribute a lot of this to social factors as well; women do not want to work in most professions, so we can also argue that there may be a case for discrimination by the employees rather than the employers. Bibliography Giaimo R. , Bono F. , Lo Magno G. L. â€Å"Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earning Gap. † University of Palermo Journal, 2007. International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC-Rev. 2, 1968). ILO. 2012. http://laborsta. lo. org/applv8/data/isic2e. html (accessed 2012). Javier Gardeazabal, Arantza Ugidos. â€Å"Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles. † Journal of Population Economics, 2005. Mats Johansson, Katarina K atz, Hakan Nyman. â€Å"Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98. † Acta Sociologica, 2005. Stat. Stata. 2012. http://www. stata. com/meeting/5german/SINNING_stata_presentation. pdf. Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. â€Å"Education and Labour Market Discrimination. † Indian Journal of Industrial Relations , 1980. Appendix A Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results: LFS 2008/09 LFS 2010/11