How News Media Affects Our Views about America

Bully. This is what pops into the minds of foreigners when they think of American people. They see somebody who only cares for themselves and disregards the needs of other nations. Could it be due to race, religion, or petty arguments? No. Foreign powers like Japan, Germany, France, and South Africa, have admitted to it. The mainstream news is the problem. We can no longer trust the â€Å"facts† that the press spoon feeds us. The American news media distorts facts, highly skews political views, and vastly affects how foreigners see our country.How many times have you heard a rumor out in public, and went home to check to the news to figure it out? As it turns out, this may not be the best course of action. A study conducted by the Cardiff University, which studied research done by 2,000 news media sources found startling information. Out of the 2,000 sources, only 12% had actually researched the facts. Another gigantic chunk of that, 80% of the news companies had used secondha nd sources to write their articles. Journalists do not check their sources thoroughly, with only 12% of the 2,000 digging deep into their â€Å"facts† to find the truth.Though, with a study finding that journalists only have 1/3 of the time to research facts than they did in 1985, can you blame them? (Davies 2008). The mainstream news media have become very comfortable with dishonest facts and unchecked sources. They will candidly take the word of a rumor or story someone tells. Politicians are aware and have taken advantage of this. Politicians use many different techniques to sway citizens for their vote. The list is nearly endless: television, speeches, press conferences, propaganda, and the two colossal sections are news media and social networking sites.Social networking sites like Twitter or Facebook can highly skew political votes. These websites can be used for sharing and discussing political views. People who have no idea about the candidates could take their friend s opinions. Due to support from fellow social networkers, people will say anything about politics, whether true or not. One example of this is how Mitt Romney’s campaign slogan being the exact same one used by the KKK. During the 2nd political debate, there were 12. 24 million social media comments, tweets about the debate: 11. 7 million, and 572,000 public Facebook posts (Cody 2012).Ultimately, this results in mass produced half-truths. Politics is how we communicate with our allies and enemies alike. While the Secretary of State was in South Africa at an international environmental conference in Johannesburg, he was booed by the attending people. Although it is not out of the spectrum for American officials to be booed, a lot of the people were American Allies (Martin, 2012). A few ambassadors made comments on the subject: â€Å"I think a lot of people see [America as] a greedy bully, someone who is prepared to run roughshod over other people's interests†, said journ alist Vuyo Mvoko, with SABC television in South Africa.Germany, â€Å"The people in Germany, we accept that you are, in a way, stronger, but what we don't accept is that you just come to conclusions and make decisions without ever putting into consideration what it might mean for other nations — like, for example, the Germans†, said Peter Kloeppel of RTL television in Germany. Also attending, France stated that â€Å"They [America] are too much interested in their own personal business† (Martin, 2012). The news media have distorted facts about what we do.My dad, a missing-persons investigator for Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department, has told me what really happens. One night, he told me that a girl’s ex-boyfriend broke into her house and tried to steal some things. The girl saw him, he threatened her, and so she shot him. Obviously, the ex-boyfriend was the bad guy. Later that same evening, looking at the news, the headline â€Å"Man gunned down in ex-girlfriend’s house. † This presents the wrong image that the girl brutally shot the man for no reason.In conclusion, the mammoth news companies have become accustomed and comfortable with being given false and biased information. They affect how we view all sorts of information. Using unconfirmed and untrustworthy sources, the news corporations will continue lying and skewing the truth. The news companies of America have affected our opinions with politics and distort how foreign powers view the U. S, and most of all tells the truth, without telling the truth. With all of the deception, can we really trust anything we hear or see on the television and on the radio or in newsprint?

Principal’s Role in Teachers Motivation

INTRODUCTION The principal or leader of any learning institution is the key component in creating an effective school. In creating an effective school, the principal must be effective in his role as a leader. The principal is the centre of attention and will be observed by teachers, students and parents. In addition, the principal is the one who should lead by example. Then it is of utmost importance that the principal exhibits qualities of an effective leader that are conducive to creating an effective school. School culture and the relationship that the parents, teachers and students have with the school have been linked closely to school effectiveness. According to Sergiovanni (2000), most successful leaders will tell you that getting the culture right and paying attention to how parents, teachers and students define and experience meaning are two widely accepted rules for creating effective schools. O’Hanlon and Clifton (2004) posit that the principal is on stage all the time and must be effective in maintaining order and establishing a sense of integrity for the school. Having an effective school can be seen as the ‘life blood’ of every principal and highlights the type of leadership style used by the principal to bring about such a school. In addition, school effectiveness results in teachers’ satisfaction and a high level of academic achievement by the students. An effective school is seen as one that promotes the progress of its students in a broad range of intellectual, social and emotional outcomes, where students progress further than might be expected from knowledge of their backgrounds (Sammons et al. , 1995). STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to identify the role of principal in creating an effective school. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We can all remember childhood moments when at school, the principal would announce at full assembly the outstanding performance of some athletes or the spelling team for achieving first place in the spelling competition. The expression on the faces of the principal, teachers and students is evidence that the school has achieved something great. It is moments like these that we vividly remember and recall the events with much joy and anticipation. However school effectiveness and the principal’s role are of major concern to principals, teachers, students and parents. For some concern parents, the principal is the deciding factor when it comes to the school that their child will attend. If the principal is one that they believe to have good leadership qualities, they will be comfortable that their child or children will do well at that particular school. It would be extremely difficult for schools to be effective if they are characterised by ineffective leaders or low achieving students. Literature clearly states that a strong leader and high student achievement are clear indicators of an effective school. An effective principal supports high student achievement and ensures that staff makes worthy contributions towards the school being effective (O’Hanlon & Clifton, 2004). This research paper will be guided by the following questions: What are the factors influencing school effectiveness? What are the qualities of an effective principal? How does school effectiveness impact on student achievement? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper seeks to show the importance of the role of the principal in creating an effective school. It will also examine the qualities needed by the principal in order to create an effective school and points out that the student is first priority in an effective school. Research of this topic will also provide educators, researchers and policy holders with a better understanding of effective schools and principal leadership and how they can improve on these areas. This study will also examine the views of the teachers, students and parents in relation to the relationship between school effectiveness and principal leadership. DEFINITION OF TERMS It is important that the following terms be defined in the context in which they are used in this paper: Effective school- achieves exceptional academic performances and engenders students who are disciplined and well-rounded. Role- a socially expected behavioural pattern usually determined by an individual’s status in a particular society Principal- a person who has controlling authority or is in a leading position School culture- a set of common understandings for organizing actions and language and other symbolic vehicles for expressing common understandings Student achievement- refers to academic success by a student LITERATURE REVIEW Significant efforts have been made in recent times to establish a relationship between effective schools and principal leadership. This is supported by Rice (2010) as she cites Horng et al. , (2009) who states that for decades, the principal has been recognized as an important contributor to the effectiveness of the school and furthermore the principal constitutes the core of the leadership team in school and influences a variety of school outcomes which include student achievement, through their recruitment and motivation of quality teachers and the ability to identify and articulate school vision and goals. Ubben et al. , (2011) define an effective school as one that is achieving high and equitable levels of student learning. They further state that there are seven correlates of an effective school which are as follows: 1. Clear School Mission 2. High Expectations for Success 3. Instructional Leadership 4. Frequent Mentoring of Student Progress 5. Opportunity to Learn and Time on Task 6. Safe and Orderly Environment 7. Home/School Relations Edmonds and Lezotte (2008) offer another perspective of an effective school. They state that 95 percent or more of the students at each grade level must demonstrate minimum academic mastery and are prepared to succeed in the next grade anywhere in the United States, there shall be no significant difference in the proportion of students demonstrating minimum academic mastery as a function of socioeconomic class and the above two conditions must be obtained for a minimum of three consecutive years. Sergiovanni (2009) posits that an effective school is understood to be a school whose students achieve well in basic skills as measured by achievement tests. He also opines that an effective school is one with a shared covenant clearly articulating the school's core values and providing a standard by which actions will be judged (Sergiovanni, 1992).

How does the novel Of Mice And Men reflect life in the 1930s Essay

Question-‘How does the novel Of Mice And Men reflect life in the 1930s’ John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California. His mother was a teacher and the reason why he learned to love books and his father was a county treasurer. He attended his local school and in the holidays worked on farms and ranches, this is the reason he is able to give such an insight to how life was there. After school he went to Stanford university studying marine biology but did not get a degree. He then went to New York for a short time were he worked as a reporter for the American Newspaper, before going back to California to concentrate on is writing. He wrote many books including Sea of Cortez, Of Mice An Men and A Russian Journal Before winning a noble Prize for Literature in 1962. The novel I am doing this essay on I ‘Of Mice And Men’ by John Steinbeck, set in California. The book was written In 1936 and also based in this period. This is in the middle of the great depression, which started in 1930 when firms and 2298 banks went bust and losing everybodies savings and finished at the beginning of the second world war. During the depression millions of people were left wandering around looking for jobs and surviving any way they could. All this came just after the boom of the 1920s where it was easy to find work and everybody was paid very well. In the 30s Steinbeck was also one of the 13million people without a proper job, this is because his writing alone would not be able to support him. This is similar to page 11 in the book where Lennie and George are looking for jobs, they also didn’t have much money so they are unable so buy the simplest things such as ketchup for their baked beans. Steinbeck found a job and found out how hard the work is on a ranch, he uses is experiences on Lennie and George as they also found a job a ranch in California and had to work very hard, just to get there $50’s a month. The reason why Lennie and George kept working is because of their dream. The Dream was to own a small farm in the country side with animals and crops, they have this dream because it is the only thing they have to look forward to in life, and as they as they money to achieve the dream it gives them a reason to work. Because of the depression all the other plans have been ruined as there is not even enough money to buy food, they need a dream to keep them going. George and Lennie are the main characters in the story, Lennie is a very big strong man but when he was young he kicked in the head by a horse. This caused him brain damage and he now is unable to make his own decisions and generally acts like a small child, this story was one told by George so people didn’t think Lennie was born this way. He is described by George as a ‘big dumb bastard who is no good for himself’. Even though George says this sometimes he is still always there for him. He had been looking after Lennie nearly all his life and always tries to help him. George is the person who keeps control of what they do. He takes control of everything from getting them both jobs to what they eat. He even speaks for Lennie, like when they arrive at the ranch they have to go and speak to the owner, before they go in George even tells Lennie not to speak, and any questions that Lennie does get asked George answers for him. Crooks is the only black man working on the ranch. He is treated with the least respect and is made to sleep on his own in a little shed next to a dung pile. He knows where he stands, which is at the bottom. He is shown no respect except for his job as he is very good at it and when he is playing horse shoe as he is also very good at that. At the time the book was written in the 1930s in the height of the Klu Klux Klan (kkk) who wanted total segregation and destruction of other races. They referred to blacks as niggers and would hang them for anything and sometimes nothing. Crooks knew to stay out of the way and to be careful. He is called crooks because of his crooked back, he has this disability because he was kicked in the back by a horse. When Lennie walks into Crooks’ bunkhouse, he tries to get rid off him but when he can’t he takes advantage of his slowness. He tries to speak to Lennie and treat him like the other white men treat Crooks. He to get Lennie to understand what life is like for him by saying suppose George didn’t ever come back from town, because then he would be on his own like Crooks. But Lennie didn’t her the suppose at the beginning of the sentence and got very angry towards Crooks and got very worried. Out of life Crooks wanted to be treated equally and be given the same rights, like when he used to play with the white children when he was a child before he knew it was wrong. He wanted to be a lawyer, it was his dream but he couldn’t because he was black. He wanted to be able to live in normal accommodation like the other workers instead he lived in a small room the connected to the harness room next to a dung pile. In his room he had many possessions, he more than he would be able to carry, this shows he had good job security. Many of his possessions were books, he had lots because he had collected them but mainly because he is extremely clever and liked to read. Crooks is very lonely in the book, and it probably related to real life as well. He was very lonely because he had no friends because the whites weren’t allowed to speak to him a most of the blacks had move away from the southern states, and he also did not have any family in California. Overall I think Crooks’ character reflects life in 30’s very well. Like in life he is separated from the whites and is given no respect and looked down upon. Curley’s wife is also an icon for life in the 30’s. She does not have a name and does not work. In the book she is put across as less important than the men, and a lot of time she is told what to do by the men. Her character is vain and also gets angry and defensive very quickly. She also is very sarcastic and doesn’t seem to be very bright. She like crooks is separated, she is separated from other women and doesn’t seem to be very bright. She like Crooks is separated, she is separated from other women. Not once in the book does she leave to see any friends or leave the ranch at all. Also like Crooks she can’t fulfil her wishes or dreams. Crooks wants to be lawyer but can’t, because he’s black and Curley’s wife wants to be able to go to Hollywood and be an actress. She has been denied the opportunity by being forced to stay on the ranch. There are so important because it gives them something to look forward to in life, it keeps them going. In the novel Curleys wife represents how women were not as important as men. She comes across as very silly, not very bright and the other men think that she could get someone in serious trouble. She has also not been given a name in the book, she is always referred to as Curleys wife, this is to show that she is insignificant and not as important as the men. She is the only women on the ranch and has no job, her only role is being a house wife. On the ranch all the men want to stay away from her because they think she will get them into trouble. Therefore She has nobody to talk to or tell about her dream to be a big time movie star. But when Lennie turns up she realises that he is to slow and nice not to listen or to walk away if she talked to him. So when she realises this she confides in him and tells everything she hasn’t told any one else. Although she is very unhappy with Curley and says that he is bad man, she stays with him. This could because she knows one day he will get the ranch and have quite a lot of money compared to everyone else. She knows that if she sticks with him she will have a secure future. However one of the reasons why the men stay away from her is because she is a flirt and could get them into trouble. For example when Lennie and George first started working she came over to George and flirted with him. She would have to be careful because if she did get caught with another man she could be kicked out, and then would not have such a secure future. The men mainly see women as people they tell what to do and sleep with. They don’t treat any women with respect except for Susi who runs the brothel in town, they tend to teat her with some respect as she shows them a good time, is nice and is honest. The men go town to go to the brothel to sleep with women at the end of each month when they get their pay. On page 55 they talk about Susi’s place saying things like’ Susi’s a laugh’, ‘Theres no water in her whisky’ implying that she is honest. They generally talk about what a nice place it is and how nice Susi is. From this you can tell that she is the only women they give any respect. Although Curley never really showed his wife any respect or showed he loved her. When Lennie killed her he goes cold and gets very mad and upset. He immediately gets his gun and organises two teams to find Lennie and shoot him. This shows that he did love her even though he didn’t treat her very well. Another character is Slim, he tends to keep to himself and is very calm and quiet. Although he is quiet he has natural authority on the ranch, all the other men listen to him and take his advice. Even Curley listens and is scared of him, for example when Curley came into the bunkhouse looking for a fight Slim just stood up and Curley backed down. Also when Lennie Crushed Curley’s hand Slim tells him to say that he hurt his hand in a machine. Curley is the boss’ son, he has a big ego and is very aggressive and quick tempered. He tries to pick fights with every one possibly because he wants control. The reason why he has a big ego and is quick to start a fight is because he is a good boxer, he even got a golden glove trophy for winning a tournament. Because his father had quite a lot of money compared to other people in the 1930’s and the fact that he is white makes him feel superior and more important than any one else. The last character is Candy, the swamper. His job on the ranch is to go around and sweep up. The reason he does this job is because he is very old and has only got one hand, after losing his other in an accident with a machine. His best friend is his dog, which he has had all his life. However the other workers don’t dog like the dog and say ‘it’s no good for it’s self and smells. It would be better to put it down. Candy is also very keep to get in with George and Lennie’s dream as he is getting old and afraid the boss will just get rid of him when he is no good. Lennie and George among the other millions of people move around from job to job because when the job is done there is nothing else to do in this place. However Lennie and George tend to travel round more than others do because Lennie is always getting them in trouble. For example when they were in Weed digging the cesspit they had to leave in a hurry because Lennie had been accused of rape. Although what really happened was (from the book) ‘Lennie saw a girl wearing pretty red dress which he liked the look of. And because he liked the look of it he grabbed it.’ – ‘the girl started to panic and ran out to a field where lots of men were walking screaming rape.’ George talking in the bunk house. ‘Soon the men were chasing Lennie and George across fields and they ended up hiding in an irrigation ditch. None of the characters in the story talk much of their families except Lennie and George who briefly mention Lennie’s aunt Clara. I think this is significant because many of the mean had to leave their families to find work and if they do think of them they will begin to miss them which could effect their work, which could cause them to lose their job. The workers accommodation is very poor. All they have is a very small bed and a shelf. When George first went to his bed he found a bar of lice killer. All the workers get $50’s a month, most of the men spend the majority of their money a the cat house in town where they pay for sex and alcohol. The boss looks down to the men as just workers, he doesn’t interact with the men. The workers see the boss as very quick tempered but generally okay. On page 21 George asks Candy about the boss, he says ‘what kind of a guy is the boss.’ Candy replies ‘well, he’s a pretty nice fellow. Gets pretty mad sometimes but nice.’ All the men dress in denim jeans and jacket. They wear these because they are very hard wearing and lasts along time. The way they dress reflects on how they are living. They are wearing tough clothes which relates to the fact they are sleeping rough and in they jobs they are having to do a lot of hard labour. Also they last for a long time because they don’t have the money to buy more. Curley and his father have more than one set of clothes, and even suit but compared to every one else including Lennie and George this is a lot as they only have one set of clothes, all denim so they will last a long time. None of the men have many possessions, they only have what they can carry as they have no job security so if they get to much Stuff and get fired they would have to leave it behind. The only person who has a lot of possessions is Crooks, he has lots of books magazines and even a shotgun, this is because he is likely to keep his job because he is the best. None of the men have luxury items as none of them can afford any, this is because of the depression as there is no extra money. Lennie and George among all the men have a dream for better things. The dream is for them to own their own piece of land with their own animals to look after. To Lennie hearing the dream is like a small child hearing it’s favourite story. He knows how it goes but wants to hear it. He’s always asking George (like on page 16) to tell him the dream and how he is going to tend the rabbits. It seems that George doesn’t really think the dream will happen, that its just something to keep them going but when Candy offers to put all his money into it he really begins to believe it can happen. But when Lennie goes into Crooks’ room and tells him the dream Crooks’ reaction is ‘you nuts’ as he knows there is a very small chance of it happening. When Curleys wife enters she says ‘ I seen too many guys sayin they are gonna get their own piece of land and not one of em has’. I think the story reflects life in the 30’s brilliantly, all the characters show how life is, from Crooks showing how life was for blacks to Curley’s wife showing how it was for women. In a way women are important in the story because they represent how they were treated as less important than men and there role in the 1930’s. But in another way not thought as important characters in the novel because they are women and in this time the men didn’t think they were as important as them. I think the story represents what life was really like for women in the 1930’s correctly. In the story Crooks, Candy and his dog represent a world of intolerance quite well. In the book Crooks is a very useful person as he is very good at his job but is not tolerated by the other workers because he is black, compared to Candy who is old and not really any use to any one as all he can to is sweep the floor, but he is tolerated. This maybe because he is white, also because he is a human. When the other workers decide that Candy’s old dog is no good for it’s self, they take it out side and shoot it because it is only a dog. Candy says’ They wouldn’t shoot me when I’m no good’, suggesting that white humans are tolerated more than dogs or black people. The workers respect each other and are polite to each other but at the same time it’s every man for him self as they cannot rely on anyone else to help them to much. The workers know its every man for himself as they no if they want anything such as to follow their dream they have to work for it themselves and not hope that other people will help them. Even though they know they are on their own all the workers are friends and watch out for each other on the ranch. Most of the men don’t mind Lennie as they no he means well and is no trouble but Curley shows a more realistic view of him, which would better represent the 1930’s better. Curley shows a lot of intolerance towards Lennie as he is seen as not normal, he shows this intolerance by continuously threatening him and in the end starting a fight with him. From looking over my work I believe the characters in the novel ‘Of Mice And Men’ show that they were living in the 1930’s very well. Their belongings jobs and actions all show that they were living in this period. I also believe the character of Crooks, Curleys wife and the boss all show how different people were treated at this time.

Urban Housing Reforms and Urban Blight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urban Housing Reforms and Urban Blight - Essay Example Cultural groups overran areas that were under urban development reforms in an effort to enjoy imminent benefits like reasonably priced houses (Aoki, 1992). For example, the aftermath of the First World War saw a profound inflow of African Americans from the south. This influx led to troubles of the â€Å"metabolism† of urban housing reform and population distribution (Pritchett, 2003). The dumbbell tenement is another example of urban blight in the form of a product of urban design reform. The vast arrival of communities resulted in the acceleration of the â€Å"junking† procedure in the field of deterioration. Reform supporters never built a systematic procedure by which to ascertain the positive impacts of the reforms. One example is the presented of outmoded contracts in many urban development councils. Similar to the private sector, urban design reform integrated control and imposed order on surrounding environs. Another example is the burdensome structure of checks and balances that reform supporters did not abandon. This system of transacting fostered fraudulence, corruption, overstated taxes, and election rigging. From this point of new, an urban blight in late nineteenth century America was not just a naturally happening procedure. Urban housing reforms of the late 1800s in the end contributed to urban blight. The loss of interest in the greater good by landowners, migration influxes, the invasion of urban areas by ethnic groups, and the lack of a systematic process contributed to urban blight.

Requesting Information for a new position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Requesting Information for a new position - Essay Example 1. Kindly let me know the approximate date by which the SMB Review Board will meet and review the request made by MCI West’s G-6’. The request was for my salary and wages to be at par with the GS-12-2210 Portfolio Manager. 2. I am assuming that the request from MCI West’s G-6’ will be approved and I would indeed be promoted as the GS-12-2210 Portfolio Manager. My query is about the number of days and by when the human resources department or other department would update my SF-50 records in line with the new role and functions brought about by the promotion. I am sorry to bother a busy man with so many questions, but these small queries will help me in my career besides giving me some amount of financial strength and mental relief. Hence, your responses, even if they are brief will act as a relief to me. Alternatively, considering that you are a busy person, you could direct me to the HR or other departments and mark your instructions on my letter, asking them to answer my queries and I will gladly follow up with

Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and Plan Essay

Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and Plan - Essay Example Firstly, the police force is responsible for handling crimes in the specific areas under their jurisdiction. This area covers at least a number of municipalities. The police are on the ground and are sometimes engaged in violent encounters involving a minor. They have a duty to protect public from these criminals. Lawyers on the other hand have an in-depth knowledge about the laws of the country. They have the ability to analyze various situations, from different points of view and hence can provide insightful information about the rights and obligations of the minors in the country in respect to violent crimes. Lastly, the human rights organization has the mandate to ensuring that the people of this country are accorded the best treatment deserved. They hold that every person has a right to life. Additionally, they ensure that the culprit (minors or adults) receive a fair trial. For a comprehensive and in-depth of the study, the study would cover several sections that are deemed crucial in gathering persuasive information. The major sections are outlined in the research plan below. The research objectives would be to answer a number of questions identified for this particular research study. The questions formulated aims at gathering information that address the objectives of the study. The questions are designed in a way that they address how the independent variables influence the dependent variables of the topic under study. The questions include: The research would be carried out by collection of primary data from the identified respondents. This activity will make use of personal interviews involving the selected respondents in the sample. The secondary data would be collected through review of literature. These materials are available in the library. The analysis of the collected data would make use of both qualitative and quantitative

Drama- Glengarry Glen Ross a play by David Mamet Essay

Drama- Glengarry Glen Ross a play by David Mamet - Essay Example The drama contains many idioms that also emphasize the moral teachings that the author talks about in the book. In the drama, the characters use pauses and stammers that make the language vibrant (Mamet 73). The personality of the characters in the drama often changes and it both repulses and amuses the audience. The characters in the drama also have a comic effect because of their exaggerated personalities. I believe that the drama is a piece that reminds people on the need of not losing their humanity and morality. This is especially those caused by the current hardship of the economic world. The drama clearly depicts the life of people struggling to become financially stable. The script of the author uses some styles that make it extremely difficult to execute in a play. These styles are like the use of idioms and stammers (Mamet 73). However, the actors that play the roles should be able to execute the script with all the idioms and the musical language

America the Addicted Nation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

America the Addicted Nation - Research Paper Example Despite the government’s continued struggle to encourage the American people to change their bad habits, deaths and accidents because of these addictions still make the news almost every day. As if drugs and alcohol do not do enough damage to the individuals in America, the people have discovered a new craze thanks to the progress of technology and never-ending competition of electronic giants like Samsung and Apple to come up with the most convenient or the smallest electronic gadgets. Americans seem to have made social networking sites a part of their daily routine. Despite all the complaints about violation of privacy and negative effects on behavior, Americans still find themselves susceptible to the appeal of Facebook, Twitter and the like. Marijuana & Prescription Drugs America’s dependence on drugs does not have a definite start. Drugs are part of the field of medicine, the aspect of society which is responsible for promoting the well-being of its members. As suc h, drugs have always been available to the American society. Dependence on these, as with any addiction, began when Americans started taking prescription drugs more often than they were supposed to or for reasons the drugs were not prescribed for. Almost one out of ten Americans above twelve years old is categorized with substance abuse or dependence. (National) This is alarming because the age reference shows that drug addiction already starts when an individual becomes an adolescent. This means that when teenagers are supposed to be enjoying their life by engaging in after-school activities like playing sports and spending time with their families, they are actually getting high on illegal and prescription drugs. The most commonly abused drugs are marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants and psychotherapeutic drugs for non-medical purposes. (Cooper) This was based on 2010 survey conducted by the government regarding drug, alcohol and tobacco use. Marijuana, specificall y, has had a longer relationship with Americans, making center stage during the 60’s and the 70’s â€Å"when getting high was the norm† (Krueger) in America. However, it soon became listed under narcotic drugs and was considered habit-forming and as such harmful for society. Penalties exist for those cultivating, distributing and using marijuana. In Florida, possessing one ounce of marijuana is equivalent to five years and a $6,000 fine while selling close to 25 pounds is a felony which comes with a-five year jail time and a $5,000 fine. (Rao) Recent times, however, has seen a twist to the tale of marijuana and Americans. Medical benefits derived from use of marijuana have pushed medical experts, legislators and patients to clamor for the legalization of marijuana. In 1976, Robert Randall became the first patient to be legally allowed to use marijuana for the treatment of his glaucoma. (Recipients) Subsequently, the government formed a study in 1992 and starting giving free marijuana to nearly 20 patients every month (Stolberg). The program has long been shut down but the comfort marijuana has provided to people with cancer, rare bone disorder and the like are too obvious. Unafraid of the legalities involved, some retirees use marijuana for Crohn’s disease and arthritis because traditional medicines leave them feel sicker. (Krueger) Although the federal government still rules against the use of marijuana, Washington and Colorado have

Online shopping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Online shopping - Research Paper Example The internet is the driving force behind online shopping because it makes transactions between different parties possible. Online shopping has positive impacts towards customers as it makes shopping fast. It has negative impacts on small businesses that have to compete against wholesalers and big retailers. Security standards used in online shopping are well-established. The security standards make it possible for payments to be done using credit cards. The card’s details are encrypted then sent over a layer that is secure over the Internet. The large number of sellers and buyers going online is an enough testimony about the safety and acceptance of online shopping. Consumers do not opt for online shopping because of low prices. Though lowest price can be a motivation for online shoppers, other factors other factors are still important. Online shopping offers better services than visiting stores. Most e-retailers offer free shipping that customer’s value the most (Thau). Many shoppers do not say low prices are their primary attraction and motivation for doing shopping over the internet. This statement was proved by a study done by Simon-Kucher & Partners, a worldwide consultancy firm that counts and records retailers among its clients. The firm did a survey over 1000 consumers. The consultancy firm warns retailers against making lowering prices. The firm says that the retailers who will lower their prices to attract and keep customers will have to undergo long term negative impacts because of that (Thau). Although it might sound unappealing, the retailers who invest in infrastructure will get long-term customer loyalty. This was concluded by Susan Lee, a partner who conducts Simon-Kucher’s retail and consumer goods in northern parts of America. Retailers only need to study and look at recent strategies employed by the nation’s biggest brick-and-mortar retailer. The

Racial Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Racial Profiling - Essay Example It is a racial stereotyping that members of a certain race tend to engage in a particular crime than members of the other groups. In the event of an investigation of a terror suspect in the U.S, most of the people singled out to be suspects are always Arabs and Muslims. The process will always rely on the nationality, the religion as well as the manner of dressing; this is what Michael refers to as racial profiling. In this article, the writer points out that is important to consider ones right even if a crucial investigation is being conducted. Like it or not, the universal fundamental rights of an individual has to earn consideration and also the fact that one is always innocent until proven guilty. Much of this’ discrimination is outlawed’ in the U.S. The criteria used to identify and analyze a terror suspect have regards to being racial discrimination. It is in the conclusion that ones religion, nationality, and ethnicity are judged on the criterion of identifying a terror suspect. In the way, selection of Arabs and Muslims as terror suspects will always connect the boundary that separate suspect description and relying on profiling. A good example is when a member of the public tips an officer that a suspect of certain religion or ethnicity has engaged in criminal activity. The police start by questioning member of the same religion to rule out the fact that they have formed a gang in the neighborhood, this is racial profiling. He says that when one decides on whom to suspect or point out as a terrorist on ones thought is a mere is a generalized observation (Banks &Richard 1213-1214). Widespread observation sometimes brings you to a wrong conclusion. Another pe rfect example is when an intelligence report comes that an individual building will be bombed. The report gives a specific date at a particular time; this limited description will make the police subject all Arab

The Sundale Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Sundale Club - Essay Example 1. Appoint a successor for Watis, who will be in a more willing position to intervene. Obviously, Watis does not want to intervene or solve conflicts anymore. A successor at this point will give the organization direction. 6. Structural: Tasks-Employees pay more attention to cutting costs rather than enhancing customer service. Information flow-Information flows two ways. Both employees and managers set the goals together. Managers can detect trouble spots faster. Rules-Higher than normal standards are set in management by objectives. 7. Psychosocial: Human resources-Higher standards are set for performance evaluation. Attitudes-Many feel that management by objectives is unfair. Perception and motivation-In the first year, the goals are still perceived as being attainable and are attained. Not so in the following years though. 1. Incorporate other goals into management by objectives that might affect financial results, such as customer service. The various departments should have set customer service as one of the objectives if they feel that it is important. 2. Use a different goal setting tool and performance evaluation tool, such as the balance scorecard that incorporates all aspects of performance.

Monopoly essay Essay Example for Free

Monopoly essay Essay Monopoly is â€Å"a firm that can determine the market price of a good. In the extreme case, a monopoly is the only seller of a good or service. † (Miller 103) Characteristics of a Monopoly. Are that there is one single seller in the market with no competition and there are many buyers in the market. The seller controls the prices of the goods or services and is the price maker as well. The consumers do not have perfect information on the goods or services. Advantages of a Monopoly. The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources. Enjoys economics of scale, due to it being the only supplier of the product or service in the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic section of society. To avoid competition, they can afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. Disadvantages of a Monopoly. Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods. What is required for a monopoly to earn profits in the long run? First off, any market type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the long-run. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits. Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The only difference between them is â€Å"why† they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not yield these types of profits in the long-run. Economic profit goes to zero here in the long-run because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering (as there is with perfect competition). If a firm uses economies of scale then I would be talking about a natural monopoly (or a few firms in oligopoly depending on how large or small the minimum efficient scale is). If the MES were small, economies of scale would not be an entry barrier to competition in order to achieve positive economic profits. If the MES were large, large enough to support one firm only, that would be the definition of a natural monopoly. â€Å"In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm adjusts plant size, or the quantity of capital, to maximize long-run profit. In addition, the entry and exit of firms into and out of a monopolistically competitive market eliminates economic profit and guarantees that each monopolistically competitive firm earns nothing more or less than a normal profit. † (http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpdc=dspk=monopolistic+competition, +long run+production+analysis). Works Cited Roger LeRoy Miller. Economics Today, Sixteenth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Addison-Wesley, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2006. http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpdc=dspk=monopolistic+competition,+long-run+production+analysis.

Ticket Booking Indian Railways

Ticket Booking Indian Railways South Central Railway was formed on 2nd October, 1966 as the 9th zone of the Indian Railways. In its forty two years of committed service and path breaking progress, South Central Railway has grown to a modern system of mass transportation fulfilling the aspirations of the passengers/customers and carved a niche for itself in Indian Railways system. Strategically positioned in the southern peninsula, this dynamic organization with its headquarters at Secunderabad serves the economically vibrant state of Andhra Pradesh, Parts of Maharashtra, Madya Pradesh and Tamilnadu. From the days of steam hauled locomotives and wooden plank seats, South Central Railway has come a long way modernizing its system with the state of the art high powered Diesel and Electric Locomotives, high speed telescopic Passenger Coaches, and higher axle load wagons, higher capacity track in all important routes, multiple aspect color light signaling with solid state inter locking, and micro wave digital communication system etc. Over the years, South Central Railway has attained sufficient transportation output with adequate infrastructure development and technological upgrading to serve the regions in its jurisdiction. Safe operation of trains, expansion of net work, modern Passenger amenities, Punctuality of trains, courteous service and cleanliness in stations and trains remain always the thrust areas of this Railway. Being a service oriented organization, South Central Railway provided Computerized Passenger Reservation System at 85 Stations/locations covering 96% of the berths available. In the a rena of information dissemination to the rail customers, it has provided Inter-active Voice Response System (IVRS) for Reservation and train enquiry, National Train Enquiry System (NTES) for real time information on movement of trains, Passenger Operated Enquiry Terminals (POET) with information on availability of accommodation and confirmation and Close Circuit Television (CCTV) for real time reservation avail ability status at all important stations in its system. For mass movement of freight, S.C.Railway has introduced high horse powered Diesel and Electric Locomotives and high speed, higher Axle load Box-N-Wagons. Today, South Central Railway plays a pivotal role as a catalyst for agricultural and industrial development in the Southern peninsula apart from fostering the growth of trade and commerce including import/export through ports by connecting sea ports with their hinder land and inland containerdepots. Its reliable and comfortable Passenger Services for long and short distance travel by way introducing many super fast and intercity trains helps transform the society by catering their personal, business, educational and tourism purposes. Milestones South Central Railway was formed on 2nd October, 1966 by grouping Vijayawada and Hubli Divisions of Southern Railway and Secuderabad and Solapur Division of Central Railway. Jurisdictional adjustments were made in October, 1977 by merging Guntakal Division of the Southern Railway with South Central Railway and transferring Solapur Division back to Central Railway. Secunderabad Division was bifurcated in February, 1978 into two Divisions Secunderabad and Hyderabad to facilitate effective operational and administrative control. On 1st April, 2003, the newly formed Guntur and Nanded Divisions of South Central Railway became operational and Hubli Division was transferred to the newly formed South Western Railway. Presently, South Central Railway has six Divisions Viz., Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal and Nanded with 5752 Route KMs of which 1604 RKms are electrified. After its inception, SC.Railway laid 342.805 RKMs of new lines, converted 2676.19 RKMs from MG to BG and carried out doubling of track on 1272.453 RKms, constructed many major river bridges including the engineering marvels Viz., II Godavari Bridge and III Godavari Bridges at Rajahmundry. Towards customer Satisfaction, it had established the Computerized Passenger Reservation Systems at 85 Stations/locations and offer reservation by any train from any station in the Country. For gaining efficiency in freight operations, SCR established Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) in its jurisdiction and has already introduced Rack Management Systems at 23 Stations and Terminal Management System at 31 Stations. Its Passenger and Freight performance has met with stupendous leaps forward. The freight loading which was only 9.00 million tons in the year of its inception, i.e., 1966 has seen a quantum jump and touched 44.79 Million tons in the financial year 2003-2004. Passenger transport too has met with tremendous growth touching 195.65 millions in the year 2003-2004 as against 50 millions in the year of inception and the gross earnings from Rs. 58.00 Cr. to 3683.00 Cr in the year 2003-2004. Purposes: Alvesson (1996) claims that a situational approach enables leadership to be viewed and studied as a practical accomplishment (p. 476) rather than starting with a conceptualization of leadership as whatever the appointed leader does. This approach seems particularly well suited to networking professionals in which technical knowledge needs to be shared. In this project, I will explore how the booking system is made via wireless network without facing the hassles unlike standing in queue and tickets can be booked from any places or stations. In particular, I will focus on how online booking from the technical perspective members influence the direction of the team as well as the relationships and identities of individual members and the identity of the team as a unit, and how their interaction is enabled and constrained by social and cultural influences (e.g., organizational culture, national/ethnic culture, and gender). Such a study should give insights into the working standards of the Indian Railways, an organizational form that is rapidly gaining in popularity and acceptance. Also, the study will test the usefulness of a perspective (the situational approach) that is underdeveloped in the leadership literature. Background: I will conduct my study in a team that is restricted within a particular Division within the City Council. IRCTC has several online reservation counters, each of which is responsible for online ticket booking within one geographical section of the city. This particular team includes four men and a woman. Three of the men are in their thirties and one in his early 50s; the woman is in her thirties. They are assigned to an area around City. They start each day with a brief (15-45 minute meeting) on an agreed upon site, often just gathering around the back of a truck for their meeting. I will attend these three mornings a week for four weeks, and will stay on to observe their work for approximately 20 hours during the four week period. My primary focus will be on their interaction in meetings, although I will also observe (and perhaps enquires about) interactions during their other work. Scope: I will engage in participant-observation over a six-week period, for approximately four hours per week. I will typically observe the morning meetings and stay for an hour or so to observe their other work. On some days I may come at other times of the day for comparison. I will not schedule structured interviews, but will interview member staff at the reservation counters informally, as needed to clarify and provide insight into specific conversations. Theoretical framework: I will be guided most generally by the interpretive perspective, and more specifically by Indian Railways staff based situational approach. The interpretive perspective places the focus on interpreting the meanings and perspectives of cultural members, and how these meanings are negotiated (Trujillo, 1992). I am exploring the meanings the sales staff and customers have for themselves as individuals and for their relationships, as well as the meanings sales staff have for the organization, group, and profession of which they are working 247. The situational approach directs me to choose one or a few specific interactions to explore in depth. Thus, an appropriate means of investigating the topic from this perspective is observation of conversation, plus interviewing the interact ants to understand the meanings they have for their symbolic interactions. Method: 1. Conduct a literature review on leadership and communication in SMTs. 2. Observe the group four hours per week for six weeks, focusing mostly on conversations at team meetings, especially those conversations in which the group addresses changes to their work processes and issues of team relationships and identity (ies). 3. Interview team members to clarify and provide insight into conversations. I will attempt to conduct these interviews shortly after conversations of interest. While the interviews will not be formal or structured, the kinds of questions I will ask include the following. The general strategy for the interviews is to start off with broad questions and follow up on the interviewees responses, to capture her or his meanings and to avoid imposing my meanings on the interviewee. a. Tell me about the conversation you just had with X. b. What were you thinking during the conversation? c. What do you think she/he was thinking? d. What do you think she/he was trying to do (or accomplish) in the conversation? e. What did you mean when you said, ? f. What were you thinking when you said that? g. What do you think she meant when she said ? h. When you think about what you did and said in that conversation, how would you describe yourself? 4. Undertake a situational analysis of the field notes and interview notes, guided. 5. Write a research report that combines my understanding of the relevant theory and previous research with the results of my empirical research. Timetable: Prepare proposal by 15 October Complete literature review by 30 October Complete fieldwork by 10 November Complete analysis by 20 November Give presentation on 4 January Complete final report by 12 January Limitations: Time constraints of the semester require less time than may be ideal for an ethnographic study. By being in the organization for only four hours a week for five weeks, there are bound to be aspects of leadership practice, organizational culture and team communication that will not be revealed during my observations. Being an outsider may also limit what is revealed to me. The team members may be guarded in their conversations around me, especially in my initial observations. Delimitations: I am choosing not to observe multiple teams, even though such comparisons might be valuable, in order to allow more depth of understanding regarding the group on which I will focus. Additionally, I will not use structured interviews in order to minimize my obtrusiveness and my influence on the team members. Literature Review: Indias Railway network being one of the second largest all over the globe and anybody can travel at anywhere places through the train services. However in terms of tourists who want to visit places do not have any special mode or medium whereby tickets could be booked easily. In most of the trains special seats are reserved for the tourists. Which simplifies that if all the seats are completely booked things are assured that this tourists get to seat till others havent booked up the seats (Bruyn, Venkatraman and Bain, 2006). This is one of the main information that needs consideration as any agent would not be able to book seats on anybodys behalf or can booked from the everyday booking window. The main challenge that lies in the reservation system is supporting a huge range of database for holding information. Indian Railways over years has been the most considered user of IT in India. When it was first introduced into the market computerized passenger traffic and accounting of rail ways, operating statistics, and payroll and inventory management was started through using computers paled at all regional zones (Kamel, 2006). The Computer based Passenger Reservation System (PRS) was introduced by Central for Railway Information System (CRIS) whereby passengers had the privilege of booking tickets through PRS which were found in all major terminals who have their own local database. In this kind of circumstances reservations only covered trains that departed from local terminals. But in the later phase when CRIS introduced Country Wide Enhanced Reservation and Ticketing System (CONCERT) that was developed with the intention to connect five passenger reservation centers from any station or terminal of the Indian Railways so that reserved tickets could be provided from any reservation counter (Kamel, 2006). Later all the PRS were attached together where by the system would have the capability of handling a higher volume of reservation every day. It was one of the mo st aspiring initiatives by the Indian Railways that reduced the passengers time in terms of being held up at the queue for a long period of time. But situations have shown that till now passengers need to move to the station to book their railway tickets. In India since train is considered as one of the most convenient mode of communication so information regarding bookings, train availability, journey fares, accommodation availability and reservation of tickets is the crucial factor for the general mass. Earlier methods like enquiry at the help desk counter, information gathering through TV or through radio were the methods used earlier. In due later phase when internet booking and ticketing services through the e-commerce channel it gathered sufficient interest to the general public. In this regard IRTC in collaboration to CRIS launched its wholly owned website (www.irctc.co.in). This venture changed the whole image of Indian Railways ticket booking system. This helped passengers to get hold of their tickets from the departure station to the destination station without facing the hassles standing in long queue at the railway booking counters. Any passenger at this point of time can visit the website at get their desired information regarding train timings and ticket availability. Later on getting the train details and the suitability in terms of travelling tickets they just needed to fill in the online application form which contained about the details of the journey. During the payment stage the user was transferred to a suitable payment gateway where they need to furnish the details of their debit/credit card at it was certified by the VeriSign. When the transaction was completed the passenger would receive an e-mail that contained the Passenger Name Record (PNR). In this new technological world Indian Railways are considerably looking to get started with the new technological phase of wireless technology. In the discussion as embarked that mobile services has been picking up on a massive scale for the last couple of years. In todays date around 7 million text messages are sent by Indian counterparts everyday life and nearly 80% of Indians use the facility of SMS in major counterparts (Dutta and Shridhar, 2004). Most of the service providers in India have upgraded their mobile technology from 2G to 3G service which has processing speed of high data connection mechanism. Nowadays mobile handsets have the facility of GPRS and WAP that are flooded in Indian markets. With respect to matching and catching up with this technological advancement IRCTC introduced the option of ticket booking via mobile handsets. In present scenario tickets can be booked via mobile phone through voice recognition system. This proved flexibility in terms of passengers w ho could get hold of the tickets of any places sitting in any corner of the world. The project implementation of online ticket booking through internet and telephone prompted other service providers like telecom industries and broadband service providers to enable the payment process through their own systems. Through this project it has shown that if consumers are provided the much needed comfort and flexibility depending on the indented products or service that would sell, consumers are always likely to adapt the technology in other horizons. The Electronic Ticket system (ETS) is specifically designed software through which passengers would have the flexibility through which railway tickets could be purchased through usage of smartcard. In this the payment is made via wireless network with the connecting computer system at the Railway Company which is itself connected through clearing house and a trust centre (Wieringa, 2003).

Game Graphics Design Assessment

Game Graphics Design Assessment You have started work as a designer for Adventurer a leading games development and publication company. Adventurer was founded in 2010 and produces a consumer specialist magazine, which is referenced by other development studios as well. The magazine features information on a wide variety of computer/video games genres: it has dedicated sections for the history of computer games, retro gaming, market news, and recruitment as well as games platforms. In your role as a designer you have been given the task to carry out these key jobs. You have been asked to suggest hardware and software that the design department needs to use to create and edit computer graphics for marketing and advertising purposes. Additionally you have been asked to design a full-colour A4 double-sided leaflet to promote the new computer game called Obliterate, which is a 15 certificate game that Adventurer is looking to market. Various items including a digital image and a new logo for Adventurer will be included within the booklet. The logo should reflect the business of Adventurer: fun and entertaining. The game is of the platform genre and therefore requires eye-catching state of the art graphics suitable for a 15 certificate game-playing audience. The budget for this project is  £5000. This can be increased depending on how well the game sells through the promotion of the leaflet. This is a highly professional document and requires being fully proof-read before sending to the professional printers. The images and graphics must be supplied to the printer in any of the file formats for the following programs: Corel Draw, Publisher, Illustrator, Visio/Serif Drawplus, Paintshop Pro, GIMP, Paint, PhotoShop, Photoshop Elements, Serif Photo Plus. You must consider the size of the files and how you will supply them to the professional printers. You must consider file management techniques to enable the reprographics personnel to access your files. Also you need to consider the consequences of compression on the quality of any of the files. P1 Identify the hardware and software required to work with computer graphics. Create a table identifying hardware needed to create and edit computer graphics. State why the items of hardware you have chosen are needed. Task 1A  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hardware. You should identify a range of (at least three)hardware of your own choice and/or from the suggested list below: Monitor Printer Graphics card Digital camera Scanner Processor Memory CD ROM Hard drive Task 1B  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Software:   Add to the table identifying the software needed to create and edit computer graphics. You need to identify a range (at least three) of Vector software or Bitmap software either of your own choice and/or from the suggested list below:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Vector graphics software: Corel Draw/Publisher/Illustrator/Visio/Serif Drawplus Bitmap (or raster graphics) software: PaintShop Pro/GIMP/Paint/Photoshop/Photoshop Elements/Serif Photo Plus Task 2 P2 State the functions of a defined graphics software package.   State what the functions are of your chosen graphics software by stating what the function does and how it may be used when creating a graphic. Create a Table to include a column for screen prints.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Choose your own graphics software and/or from the list below: Graphics software: Publisher/Paint/Photoshop/Xara Examples of standard software functions are: Freehand draw Rotate/flip Resize Crop Group/ungroup Layout grids Special effects such as sharpen, soften, or posterise Templates (as used in) presentations, web pages, Word or Excel documents Other:   colour manipulation or shapes Colour depth:   8-bit=256 colours, 16-bit 64,000 colours   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   See next pageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ _____________________ Task 3 M1 Compare graphics software used for creating and editing graphics. Compare the features (tools and techniques), cost, strengths and weaknesses of at least three different graphics software packages that you have used for creating and editing your graphics. Create a table in Word. Task 4 P3 Describe the differences between raster (bitmap) and vector graphics. Write a brief report in Word to show your understanding of the main differences between vector and bitmap graphics.   You will need to illustrate your work with examples of your own bitmap and vector images. You must describe the type of image, the file size and differences in scaling.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_________________________________________________________________________________________ Task 5A P4 Use specialist hardware to acquire images for a defined purpose. You need to take one digital image relating to the theme fun and entertaining.   The image will be included in a leaflet for the launch of a new game (in the later task P6).   You should read the scenario at the top of this assignment and consider how your digital photograph will fit in with the purpose of the leaflet for P6. For example what is the purpose of the leaflet, the house style, the colours and the size of the image. Provide evidence (screen print and annotations) of how you uploaded your digital photograph image to your PC.   Use a Word document to do this. Task 5B P4 Use specialist hardware to acquire images for a defined purpose. You need to scan a picture from a book or magazine using a scanner.   The image will be included in a leaflet for the launch of the new game (in the later task P6). Provide evidence (screen print and annotations) of how you scanned your digital picture to your PC. State the name of the scanner you used and give relevant information about the scanner. Task 6 P5 Create an original graphic for a defined user need using graphics software. You need to design and create a logo for Adventurer. You should use suitable vector software to do this. Base the design for the logo on the character or sprite you created in Unit 22. Remember the theme is fun and entertaining. See next pageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Task 7 P6 Use graphics to enhance a document incorporating acquired images and objects. Produce a double-sided leaflet using a template in Publisher, which will advertise the new Adventurer game.   This leaflet is to showcase your graphics and drawings created for this unit. You should provide before and after screenshots as evidence of any additional techniques you use such as: Resizing and positioning Cropping and text wrapping Others items you may include in your leaflet may include: Your Adventurer logo; The scanned bitmap image you did for P4; The digital bitmap photograph you did for P4; Any relevant clipart; Identifying the games platform; Stating the minimum age of player details; Suitable text and shapes Any other details you would like to include. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Task 8 M2 Use at least three advanced techniques to combine multiple images to enhance your original graphic to a near-professional standard. Examples of advanced techniques are: layers filters masks juxtaposition/superimposition of images and text multiple images changing colour balance/contrast Evidence and describe the advanced techniques you have used by stating which software package has been used as well as screenshots with annotations of the techniques carried out.  ­Ã‚ ­_________________________________________________________________________________________ Task 9 M3 Identify legal implications associated with the use of images Laws and Guidelines Part A Type up a report detailing the relevant legal issues and guidelines you had to abide by when using the graphics for your brochure.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   You must include: Copyright issues   e.g. Copyright, Design and Patents Act (1998) Permissions (e.g. photography of children, buildings, businesses) Acknowledgements Part B Within a table, you must record the copyright of any sourced images used within your graphics. You must also consider who owns the rights to the graphics/images that you have created: is it yourself or your client?   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   See next pageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Task 10 D1 evaluate the tools and techniques used to enhance your original graphic. Produce a report, which evaluates the graphics software package on its ability in allowing you to create one of your original graphics (for example your logo or a combined multiple image). Using technical terms evidence discuss how the following met the requirements within the scenario brief: Why you used the programs in the creation of the graphic and were there any constraints? Describe at least 3 advanced techniques you used for one of your graphics. Additionally you must discuss what affect the techniques had on the graphic to enable the graphic to be appropriate for inclusion in the leaflet created in Task 7. How did the graphic meet the requirements in the scenario brief? Remember your logo/combined multiple images should be fit for purpose and be of a near professional standard in order for you to produce a report to meet D1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Task 11 D2 Present the enhanced document obtaining feedback. Present your created, sourced and edited images and graphics, along with the final enhanced document to at least 3 members of the target audience stated in the scenario brief. Use feedback sheets, questionnaires or interviews to gather the users opinions. The audience completing the feedback sheets should be told what they are reviewing and what the images are intended to do. The target audience should identify possible improvements. The images and document can be presented either as image files or showcased in a presentation or web page. Evidence for this criterion is completed feedback sheets and the final images.

The Benefits of Nursing Homes Essay -- Health Care

In the early twentieth century, what we now call nursing homes did not exist. If elderly citizens had nowhere else to go, they were sent to live in rundown poor farms. On August 14, 1935 President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, which provided matching grants to each state for Old Age Assistance (OAA). This in turn set in motion the opening of private homes that allowed people to live in a care facility and collect the OAA payments as well. It was not until the 1950’s when nursing homes started developing into the facilities most of us are familiar with today. It was then that nursing homes were required to follow state set standards for licensing and some even received Federal grants if they possessed a hospital like atmosphere. Throughout history, nursing homes have faced many dilemmas, laws, and legislations. However, it has been these ups and downs that have contributed to the quality of modern nursing homes. In my opinion, nursing homes are a good choice becau se they provide seniors with companionship, medical treatments, and reliable safe shelter for those who do not have a safe environment at home. Nursing homes provide companionship to elders and fun activities with people in their age group. The Four Seasons Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, offers a variety of services for the elderly. According to their website, the Four Seasons have a Therapeutic Recreation Department which â€Å"coordinates and plans all therapeutic activities for all Four Seasons residents† (2012). These activities revolve around an individual’s specific needs and can include activities such as book readings, music, arts and crafts, games, and even holiday dances. In February 2011, my grandmother suffered a stroke and needed to go to a te... ...aving their family members at home. In the end, it all comes down to the individual family deciding what would be best for their loved ones. Works Cited Four Seasons Nursing and Rehabilitation Center (2012). Recreation. Retrieved from http://www.fourseasonsnh.com/Recreation/recreation.html Kapp, M. B. (2003). Resident safety and medical errors in nursing homes. Journal of Legal Medicine, 24(1), 51. Minority Staff of the House Committee on Government Reform (2001). Abuse of residents is a major problem in U.S. nursing homes. Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives. PBS (2012). The Evolution of Nursing Home Care in the United States. PBS The Online News Hour. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/nursinghomes/timeline.html Stiegel, L. A. (2011). Power of Celebrity at the Senate Special Committee on Aging Hearing. Bifocal, 32(4), 43-45.

?Dead Poets society? :: essays research papers

â€Å"Dead Poets society† In the film â€Å"Dead Poets Society†, dir. Peter Weir, we can see vivid pictures from the life at Welton, a very old and traditional boys school. The action is taking place in 1950s. It is predominantly viewed by the eyes of Todd Anderson (Ethan Hawk), newcomer, who is very shy and timid and is under the pressure because of his elder brother, who was successful and popular student of Welton. He and his classmates Knox, Max, Neil Perry and the others, came here to get a classical education and they were expected so. But everything had changed when a new literature teacher, Mr. John Keating (Robin Williams), came. He graduated here and came to teach here. But he taught another way, his methods absolutely differed from those of other teachers and from the spirit of the school in a whole. He was trying to teach them out of the textbooks. He loved poetry very much and wanted his students to love it too and he believed that it would help them in their future life. And Todd, Neil an d the whole class loved him very much. They discover that while studying there, Mr. Keating organized the â€Å"Dead poets society† and decide to continue this â€Å"society†. In the secret from the whole school they get together in a cave at nights, smoked, read poetry and spoke About everything: poetry, girls, philosophy, about the life in a whole. But the principal doesn’t share the student’s admiration of their teacher. Especially after the fact that Neil Perry killed himself because he wanted to be an actor but his father didn’t allow him. He wanted his son to be a doctor. And the administration saw (or wanted to see) here the influence of Mr. Keating and his lessons. All the members of the â€Å"society† were punished and Mr. Keating – dismissed. But in the final scene, when he come to take his belongings, some his students stand up at the desks to show their protest and solidarity with their favorite teacher. In this film Peter Weir in a masterly way showed the conflict between hypocrisy spirit of Welton and fresh jet of Keating’s philosophy. In a broad meaning it can be considered as a conflict between romantism and realism, between the way we would like to live and the way we live, the real life and how should we do with this problem.

Pfizer Industry Analysis

An Economy and Industry Analysis Focus Industry: Pharmaceutical Industry Focus Company: Pfizer, Inc. (PFE – NYSE) Pharmaceutical Industry Classification The pharmaceutical industry seems to be an intermingling of growth and expansion stage. This is mainly due to the fact that there are so much research and development (R&D) work being conducted in the industry, creating growth in the industry. At the same time, various players in this industry have started to acquire or merge with their respective competitors, in order to expand and diversify product line, market share, or new markets. The worldwide pharmaceutical sales has continued to grow faster than most segments of the world economy – driven by strong demographic trends of the world population: aging population in many countries, lengthening of average life expectancy, and rising incidence of chronic diseases. This industry is a non-cyclical industry, as the products, drugs and medication, are geared towards consumers and markets that are not prone to price changes, inflation, or economy fluctuations. Consumers in the market might lean towards product lines in the lower end of the affordability spectrum, rather than higher end – purchasing generic products in the market. Pharmaceutical Industry Application of Porter’s Five Forces Industry Competitors and Intensity of Rivalry In general, the main competitors for the pharmaceutical industry are Pfizer ($45. 2B in 2003 sales), GlaxoSmithKline ($35. 2B), Merck ($22. 5B), Bristol-Myers Squibb ($20. 7B), Abbott Laboratories ($19. 7B), and Johnson & Johnson ($19. B). However, with the recent spur in mergers and acquisition (M&A) activities in various industries, the pharmaceutical industry had a significant merger in August 2004 between two France competitors – Sanofi-Synthelabo and Aventis – creating Sanofi-Aventis, one of the top three pharmaceutical companies with Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. The rivalry among the current competitors in this industry is intense due to the competitive nature of product develo pment and patent profitability. Each competitor is spending billions of dollars in their respective R&D efforts to discover new products and patents to continue the stream of prescribed and over-the-counter drugs produced and sold to consumers in the market. The rivalry is also intense due to the regulation set forth by Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in US and other governmental regulators in various countries of the world, where stringent requirements and scarce allocation of patents are given out to companies developing new drug products. However, due to such intense rivalry, numerous companies have started to merge (like Sanofi-Aventis), or form alliances or joint-ventures in creating new products, to compete with other competitors. Bargaining Power of Buyers In the world of pharmaceutical, the buyers are basically wholesale distributors such as Cardinal Health Inc. , McKesson, and AmeriSourceBergen. These wholesale distributors play the middle-man role in selling and distributing all pharmaceutical products to various buyers like pharmacies, hospitals, HMOs, clinics, and mail-order companies. The concentration of buyers are high due to the fact that there are only a select few key buyers that make huge purchases from all the players in the pharmaceutical industry. As such, buyers do have above average bargaining power that allows the wholesale distributors to dictate the price of the products. However, all the pharmaceutical companies have distributor agreements that help curb the bargaining from being overzealous. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers to the pharmaceutical industry players are in abundance. The industry does not suffer from scarce resources as the raw materials (both active and inactive ingredients) are always available from various drug ingredient makers and distributors. As such, the suppliers are low in concentration and without much bargaining power. Most of the suppliers are similar and as such, easily interchangeable, without much risk or hassle. With the globalization of economy, the market of available suppliers is even bigger than it used to be – resulting in even lower concentration of suppliers and giving the pharmaceutical industry more power in bargaining for the prices of drug ingredients. Threat from Substitute Products For the brand prescription drugs, the main substitute would be the generics or competitors’ similar prescription drugs. However, this internal threat between competing products does not change the dynamics of drugs that are produce in the safety of patent. The larger threat that the pharmaceutical industry faces is from alternative medicine such as herbal medicine, acupressure, acupuncture, massage therapy, homeopathic medicine, and other growing fads of self-remedy. The effect of alternative medicine is limited however to the critical and chronic degree of the diseases and illnesses that could be treated or prevented. Threat of Potential Entry The threat of potential entry for this industry at this stage (growth and expansion) is definitely low. This is mainly due to the enormously high barrier to entry in obtaining capital and resources for R&D efforts to produce patents. Due to the scarcity of patents and large amount of capital required for the numerous years of research and development, it is close to impossible for new smaller companies to enter this industry at this time. Each of the players in this industry is spending billions of dollars each year just to conduct researches and perform studies, which hopefully will result in the development of an effective and efficient drug that can be patent. Other than that, there are also legal and regulatory obstacles that prevent new competitors, from the FDA and other governmental structures. Other Influencing Forces Due to the nature of the drug products, there is intensive regulatory and legal implication that affects this industry. A good example of how the government and political environment influence and dictate the direction of the pharmaceutical industry is through various regulations by the FDA and Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), involving patent protection, product approvals, pricing controls, and product liability. The demographic evolvement in the world is another factor that should be considered. As the baby boom generation ages and life expectancy rises, demand for pharmaceuticals are soaring. In the US, seniors aged 65 and older currently represent only 13% of the population but account for 34% of all prescriptions written and more than 40% of drug sales. Approximately 80% of seniors in the US use prescription drugs on a regular basis. According to a United Nations study, the number of people worldwide aged 60 or older will grow from 593 million in 1999 to close to 2 billion by 2050. Recent technological developments and breakthroughs have changed the way new drugs are discovered, how they are tested, the precision that it affects the diseases, and how the drugs are being delivered or distributed to patients. The recent development in stem cell research will definitely create more opportunity for growth in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the European Union a

Marxian Economics

Our move around aims to interrogation a regularityrn tuition of Marxian sparings, primarily at the supposed level and make recognise how do Marxs laws of motion of pileusist economy interrelate to Schumpeters views of imperialism. Marx was a German journalist, exiled in London, who combined significantly different keen traditions in order to explain frugalal placements, including German philosophy, French political surmise, and side political economy. Joseph Schumpeter was an Austrian scholar who was re anyy critical of, yet more than than interpreted with, his predecessor, com/comp atomic number 18-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-walt-rostows-theories/Karl Marx, whose focus on historical digest he admired and emulated.They two(prenominal) believed that capitalist economy is a stage of scotchal evolution in which the potential of adult malekind can non richly develop. Both came to the study of sparings sceptical the cardinal assumptions of existing sparin g conjecture, and thusly each took more of sparingal speculation to be problematic than did approximately stinting theorists. Both conceptualized the capitalist arranging as a whole, yet with the realization that the frugal realm hardly constitutes the totality of valet experience and thought.The real issue, which may thusly appear to obligate its scandalous aspect, arises when outstanding economists direct their attention to what I shall augur the cosmo logical problem of economicsnamely, the favorable configurations of merchandise and distribution (if you will, the macro and little patterns) that ultimately emerge from the self-directed activities of individualists. What is peculiar active Marx and Schumpeter is that they atomic number 18 among the very fewer who have proposed solutions to this problem of an imagination and reaching comparable to that of Smith, but that their resolutions differ from champion another almost totally.In Marxs schema the str ategy is destined to pass through with(predicate) serial crises that both alter its socioeconomic texture and gradually set the stage for a final collapse. Marx defined his view of capitalism in The Communist Manifesto (1848), a friendly fantasy that, as Schumpeter points out, underlies Marxs action-long look broadcast. In the introduction to his Contribution to the evaluate of Political Economy (1850), Marx gave the clearest and most terse description of his method of historical compend, referred to by others as historical materialism.According to Marx, historical information is a makeion of epochs, each deluxe by a particular trend of output, a charge of life, base on the level of technology and division of elbow grease (the forces of take) and a corresponding set of illuminate ( kindly) traffic of harvest-homeion. For whatever epoch, any way of life of proceeds, according to Marx, the development of the forces and transaction of production forms the f oundation of mixer life. With the production of free oer subsistence, disseveres emerge and develop, divided conceptually by Marx into producing and non-producing (exploiting) tell apartes.Social swap is propelled by partition conflict, that is, the struggle related to the contradictions between the development technical forces of production and the existing signifier relations which act to impede this development. socioeconomic development involves the trans organisation of figure relations, which in turn enables the clean dominant whimsey level to exert control oer resources and productive aim. Marx claims that the vicissitude from one mode of production to the next is fundamentally basal beca engagement the new mode of production is a qualitatively different social formation organize around new laws of development.Furthermore, the passing is one of violent, wrenching changes in social status, power, and legal advanceds. The history of all ordering that has exi sted hitherto, Marx firmly asserted, is the history of phase struggles (1904 45). For instance, Marx describes the transition from the feudal to the capitalist mode of production as a long design of conflict and bloodshed in which emeritus class relations give way to new ones, a period in which primitive gathering realizes capitalists and expropriation bring outs a smokestack of salary-workers.Class-divided nine proscribes the satisfaction of rightfully human race needs because production is based on exploitation of the producing classes by the non-producing classes. Emancipation of globe requires an end to this exploitation which, according to Marx, run shorts executable with the development of the capitalist mode of production, which polarizes society into a small capitalist legal opinion class and a on the job(p) class of exploited wage-workers who make up the extensive major(ip)ity of the population.Marx defines capitalism as a system of goodness productionpr oduction for commuting and profitbased on a system of wage-labor. Capitalists profess the pith of production and hire workers who moldiness take their labor power because they have no control all oer the performer of subsistence or means of production. Capitalist development is henpecked by capitalist control everyplace production to squirrel away capital. Capitalists are arouse in production for profit kind of than for use.This motivation means that the system as a whole operates to expand permute respect, mart economic pry, the money capitalists receive for the commodity production they control. According to Marx, this motivation to accumulate capital, that is, exchange value, effects contradictions in a system of unregulated market exchange because commodities are a unity of opposites. They are both reusable objects to be consumed in the crop of reproducing the material needs of the society and exchange values re faceing part of the socially dumbfoundd value crea ted through the social division of labor.This value, that is, embodied labor, objectified abstract homogenous labor, regulates the exchange value or price of each commodity. good prices reflect the magnitude of value, of socially prerequisite labor used to cite the commodity. for each one commodity is a social product in that its production is dependent on a complex social division of labor that determines its labor cost, the amount of socially necessary labor time that goes into producing it.Marx cons contradictions in capitalism because, for the system as a whole to create a strong collection of capital all over time, it must also create just the right combinations of different use values, specific utilitarian products, to generate the growth in capital year to year. Marx recognizes capitalism as the most productive mode of production in history, because capitalists control the extra product over and above the needs of elemental counterpart of the existing level of outp ut, and they use the surplus mainly to expand production and to emergence productivity.Marx characterizes capitalism thus the ascendance of industrial capitalists whose profits are based on exploitation of wage workers through the beginning of surplus labor revolutionary changes in the forces of production (technology and the division of labor) and t here(predicate)fore dramatic, inveterate increases in productivity capital accumulation fed by a emergence mass of surplus value controlled by capitalists increasing subordination and dependence of workers on capital continual deterioration of workers working and living conditions and increasing competition for purchasable jobs from a growing reserve soldiers of unemployed workers.Other characteristics of a capitalist system for Marx include a drawency toward a declining average rate of profit elaboration of nonproductive but necessary mercenary and financial capital new forms of monopoly mention of the capitalist mode of produ ction to create a world market and oecumenical capitalist system un still development of capitalism geographically so that at any time the existence of saucily developing capitalist sectors provide brisk opportunities for capitalist exploitation periodic clientele cycles and less frequent convulsive full general crises of the system.In selling their labor power, wage-workers give up any right to the output they produce so that in capitalist production, objectification, the production of material objects, sounds alienation. Furthermore, in alienating their labor, the workers produce commodities that become capital, that is, the capitalists source of power over the workers. Thus in capitalism, alienation brings close reification. Also, workers give up control over the labor process and therefore over their own productive activity, so much so that labor becomes a burden, and workers work to live instead of live to work.The accumulation of capital, representing the realization of mans essential powers, becomes for the wage-workers a harm of their reality, which for Marx connotates sociality. Marx shows that change labor means let god man, devaluation of life, loss of human reality. Only the working class can bring somewhat this fundamental change because yet workers compass this insight through their historical-social situation. According to dig Drucker (1983 125), Schumpeter considered himself the son of Marx.Schumpeter devoted himself to promoting scientific progress in economics, through theoretical, historical, and statistical contributions, on the one hand, and teaching and critical compendium of economic doctrine on the other. In his History of Economic Analysis (1954) Schumpeters epistemology may be summarized as follows 1. He had great faith in science, which he defined as technique and tooled knowledge. 2. Schumpeter was a great advocate of mathematical and econometric methods in economics. 3.In his History of Economic Analysis, Schumpeter had already outlined the major points of the Popper/Kuhn/Lakatos debate the focus between conservatism and change that is organic in scientific revolutions the usefulness of both tendencies. 4. Schumpeter was a positivist, but he accredited both verification and falsification as tests of a surmisal. 5. Schumpeter was anti-instrumentalist. He did not see the exercise of science as simple prediction but believed that the truth of assumptions does matter. 6.Schumpeter appears to have held contradictory views of the impact of ideology on economic synopsis. He considered the intrusion of political sympathies and ideology in economics as the major cause of misconduct in science. These apparently contradictory views represent, in my opinion, a defense of economics against Marxs evaluation of it as materialistic ideology. Schumpeter agrees with Marx and credits him with the discovery that ideas tend to be historically conditioned, reflecting the class provoke of the writer.Schumpe ter claims, however, that ideological bias is not only when caused by the economic element in class position, and that social position is not shaped entirely by class interest (195410). Thus, despite the fact that ideology affects the focus and the content of economic writings, analysis is not bourgeois ideology. Thus, Schumpeter believed that even Marx and Marxists bestow to progress in economic analysis. It was all- authorized(prenominal) to Schumpeter to acknowledge his debt to Marx, and apparently crucial to him that he refute the revolutionary al-Qaida and purpose of Marxs work.Schumpeter adopts what he takes to be Marxs re bet design and, like him, attempts to uncover the laws of motion of capitalist development. His purpose is clearly to defuse Marxs surmise of revolution by converting it to a conjecture of evolution. Schumpeter accepts the structure and some of the content of Marxs economic sociology (the theory of origins and transitions) and economics (the theory of markets and mechanisms). Schumpeters social vision as depicted in the Theory of Economic Development rejectsin fact invertsimportant relationships of Marxs social and economic vision.In The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and political economy (1949b), Schumpeter paid homage to Marxs contribution to economic sociology, which he considered to be the prescientific theorizing necessary to the research program they both pursued. In this article, he also suggests the theoretical basis for his revision of Marx. Schumpeter analyzes the scientific content of the Manifesto, which contains Marxs social vision, and he then identifies three of Marxs important contributions (however belie by ideological bias) to economic sociology.Schumpeter points out that Marx identified the necessary theoretical ingredients of the economic sociology in which to embed an economic theory of capitalist development (1) a theory of history (which for Marx, according to Schumpeter, was an economic interpretatio n of history) (2) a theory of class (in which, for Marx, social classes and class relations become the pivot of the historical process) and (3) a theory of the state (which Schumpeter says shows Marxs understanding of the state even though Schumpeter believes that Marx recognized these tendencies only in the bourgeois state) (p. 09).Schumpeter criticizes Marx for his attachment to his social vision, his unfitness to revise his social vision in the light of contradictory scientific evidence. Clearly, it was Schumpeters flavor to counteract Marx and serve science by converting Marxs program into positivist science. This required mental synthesis economic analysis on a social vision that is scientifically acceptable. In accepting a Marxian research program (analysis of the historical development, the internal kinetics, of capitalism), Schumpeter also had to use the structure of Marxs economic sociology.He needed a theory of history, of social class, and of the state to describe the development of the economically relevant institutions. scarce Schumpeter rejected much of the content of Marxs theory, including what he considered to be Marxs economic determininism, that is, the analysis of change in social structures in scathe of economic change alone Marxs theory of class relations, that class conflict is the motivating force behind economic and social change and Marxs review article of the state, which was directed only at the bourgeois state.Also Schumpeter rejected Marxs class conflict and revolutionary theory. He could hardly envision the working class befitting a revolutionary class, that is, becoming the subjects of history, the major actors and motive force for change. Instead, he substituted his own theory of class and class relations based on his ideas about leading and followership in which entrepreneurs carry out the new combinations that promote capitalist development. Schumpeter accepted Marxs materialist, dialectical view of history, the vie w that people create their own history through choice, design action, and struggle.He also recognized that history must be dialectical if it is evolutionary. Human subjects fight back to and change history. Change occurs through adversary and adaptation and learning. He objected to Marxs purely economic exposition of class based on individuals relations to the means of production, a definition he believed to be at the basis of Marxs economic determinism. Schumpeter paraphrased Marxs theory thus the social process of production determines the class relations of the participants and is the real foundation of the legal, political, or s ask factual class positions attached to each.Thus the logic of any given structure of production is ipso facto the logic of the social superstructure (1949b 206). Schumpeter also rejects Marxs view that class relations are exclusively antagonistic, and that antagonisms among groups are exclusively based on distinctions of economic classes. He believ es that there are triune classes in capitalist society, just as there were in earlier epochs. thither is a strong family resemblance here to Schumpeters vision of capitalism as an evolutionary process of creative destruction. The innovative bring certainly plays a vital place in Marxs laws of motion.This bring Marx into the picture in a way that attempts to minimize the outstrip between him and Schumpeter and which is consistent with Schumpeters well-known discernment for Marx. They are both concerned with the dynamics of development, and although they come from the opposite ends of the political spectrum, their similarities are profound and stand as an offend to the modern theory of static proportion in the Walrasian tradition. In the vision of capitalism as a dynamic process, Marx and Schumpeter package common ground, not just in their appreciation of capitalism, but also in their attempt to construct a truly dynamic economics.Marx and Schumpeter set the economic process i nto historical time. This is more than just adding a t subscript on all the variables of a gravel, and it is clearly different from producing a growth model, although a growth model may be a useful aspect of a dynamic analysis. It means that the analysis does not violate the fundamental reality of time that the future follows the present and is unknowable, while the present has a onetime(prenominal) that is knowable and has caused the present to be what it is. In such a world dis residual and/or equaliser-destroying events would be the central concern of the theorist.Thus, for both Marx and Schumpeter, capitalism has a past and is maintenance toward a future that is imminent in the configuration of forces at work in the present (Schumpeter, 1962 43). To illustrate, it was capitalisms similarity with feudal and slave relations of production that led Marx to search for an explanation of how exploitation occurs under capitalism. Moreover, it was the vision of historical transforma tion that supplied the basis of his critique of classical political economy based on the latters tendency to assume that capitalist production relations were fixed and external.It is important to note that Schumpeter misses, misunderstands, or rejects Marxs value theory and the basis for Marxs theory of revolution surreptitious property and capital represent a class relation in which wage workers, by selling their labor power, create the capitalists private property. Furthermore, not only do they create a product that becomes a power over them, but also, by submitting to a work process organized by the capitalist for his own profit, they alienate their life activity, their work. They work to live quite a than live to work.They become more and more dependent on the cash tie of market transactions for their survival and for their satisfactions. They become alienated from their species life, the essence of the life of the human species which is human social development through creat ive work. Marxs basic public debate, which is also an argument about logic, is that for truly human life to be possible, it is necessary (but not needfully inevitable) for the wage-workers, for the exploited, to revolt. Schumpeters class theory and theory of value together eliminate the possibility of revolt.It may be true that there is a high correlation between belief in the efficacy of the free market as an allocator of resources and protector of individual freedom and the method of static equilibrium theory to explain the operation of the market. However, as Schumpeter himself stressed many times, the deductions of economic analysis do not logically imply any particular ideological position. unmoving equilibrium theory no more proves the desirability of the free market than the labor theory proves the desirability of socialism.The fact that Marx and Schumpeter ascribed to radically different ideologies but each believed in the central importance of the evolutionary feeler is itself sufficient proof that holding to a conservative, liberal, or radical ideology does not force one into the static equilibrium mold. In his works Marx wrote about substratum of abstract labor which was an essence of concrete labors. Schumpeter in his Imperialism and Social Classes thought about social process regulated by a hierarchy of talents, organized in social classes (Schumpeter, 1955 137, 160). In this process bourgeois class must provide the lead role.